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<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><br />
196<br />
چه کسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د، چه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>"، ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع ده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خِ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> قه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د حدس <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تصديق ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هم <strong>ر</strong>فته ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مستحق چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سختی <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه دهم يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> يک فلسفه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ز تفک<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده؛ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه<br />
۴، عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش فلسفی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د."؛ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ز تفک<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>پ</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.) ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> "Naturmonismus" (<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی) ي<strong>ا</strong> "ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ِگ<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خدمت چ<strong>پ</strong>کی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" چيزی متم<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک، يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش، قدمی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د، چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهم چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>پ</strong>. د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی میلغز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "حتی <strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<br />
(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد "<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک "<strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی")<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>پ</strong>. د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفتضح میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض، عقيده يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "کث<strong>ا</strong>فتک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که دشم<strong>ن</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
"ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ عقيده شخص ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه سمت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد: ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>و</strong>يژگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
سمت ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> گيج د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل Kleinere<br />
٩۵<br />
٨١<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />
١٨٧٣<br />
١٠٥<br />
(٢٧٣<br />
–<br />
،philosophische Schriften صفحه<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
١٨٨۶<br />
Akquisit<br />
،(P. Dauge)<br />
–<br />
١٠٦<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>م که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مستحق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ هم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. م<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ش<strong>ا</strong>هد، <strong>ا</strong>ز صل<strong>ا</strong>حيتد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،
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