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که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ تجسم <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، معلم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "[<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>م لق<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت قدم، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>و</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong>قی، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> محفله<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حکم<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک جدی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تکميل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معط<strong>و</strong>ف میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تصحيح <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>ن</strong>قد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد)، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ.<br />
ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زده<br />
شده، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه همه ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معط<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تذ<strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ط س<strong>ا</strong>دگی تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ("م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>")، <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی مي<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی، دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگلی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يدی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی مز<strong>ر</strong>عه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> (<strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه کث<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مشخص ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<br />
شد<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ب</strong>تذل س<strong>ا</strong>زی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يق مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong>تذل س<strong>ا</strong>زی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>.<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ده<strong>ن</strong>د که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه.<br />
١٨٧٨<br />
-<br />
("Beiträge zu einer monistischen Erkenntnistheorie", 1882, S. 45)<br />
B A<br />
"[<br />
٨<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
– چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>حمت فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />
Traumrealismus<br />
-A<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طق ( S.56 B- Dr. Wilhelm Schuppe, Erkenntnistheoretische Logik, Bonn, 1878,<br />
(ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی
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