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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 189<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د معلم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، کل فلسفه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده، "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١۶٠)<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم يک <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تک<strong>ب</strong> شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>" ي<strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی"، مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست". <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی، هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
٧- د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه يک صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>، که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>شک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ط<strong>ب</strong>ق معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" که، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زده میش<strong>و</strong>د" دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ٣، صفحه ۵) <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله گيج هست<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong>ه تحقي<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم صحيح، س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
علمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک گ<strong>ر</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
هميشه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فتهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> سعی میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س حتی <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>يمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>خته<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم عم<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.
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