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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 187<br />
A<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی (که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>و</strong>فق ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک، <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ست. شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ش<strong>ب</strong>يه مدل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د".<br />
"عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی"، سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليف مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong><br />
هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد، ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مختص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مفيد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٣٢٠)<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست (يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده "مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ عزيز <strong>ا</strong>ست)<br />
هم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی لکل<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه خيلی زي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست. لکل<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی علته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی) ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز" ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د میز<strong>ن</strong>د "خد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
علت ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز عليت<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی." (صفحه "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>... <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ط س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم) <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد." (صفحه<br />
Das<br />
)<br />
(٣٣<br />
١٨٧٩<br />
(٣۴<br />
،Realismus صفحه ١۵۴<br />
(٣۵<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که يک "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی" د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عد کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>ده<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
شده، د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش ه<strong>ر</strong>تز<br />
فيزيک" هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز "عتيقه شده" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک فلسفه "مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د) ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<br />
(Heinrich Hertz)<br />
١٠١B<br />
A- "Albrecht Rau, Empfinden und Denken", Giessen, 1896, S.304<br />
B- Archiv für Philosophie,II,Systematische Philosophie 101 ,Bd.5,1899, S.64-163
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