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<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 17<br />
.(١۶٧<br />
–<br />
٩٨<br />
"<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کلمه هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" (<strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ز صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست که<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>شد: يک چيزی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٧٣)، که هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. (ص ١٩۵)، که س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> شد! د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز هست<strong>ن</strong>د کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که جد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>ليت، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>و</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که خط<strong>ا</strong>ی "د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س" ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی ي<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong>لت، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٧١٠ کشف شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ((يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>)) <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت حس، يکی مفه<strong>و</strong>م ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>، ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong>يم." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "غي<strong>ر</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل"، که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>د! م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل"، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>" (<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی کشف شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه کشف شد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>می عمده ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل مختلف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩۴)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج س<strong>و</strong>ئی" می<strong>ر</strong>سيم که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "غي<strong>ر</strong>عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مشتق گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد. "زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>می عمده شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی کف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>دی طی <strong>ا</strong>عص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>ه ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زمی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس) د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د، کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی جز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>س ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>جهی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ب</strong>خش مفل<strong>و</strong>ک ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ذ<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩٢ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ص- ۴<br />
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