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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 183<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>قتی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
متشکل ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، مثل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی يک ش<strong>ر</strong>کت سه<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ش<strong>ر</strong>کت تک س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>خمت<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong>خمت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه فحش میکش<strong>ن</strong>د.) <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی، يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک سيستم "<strong>ا</strong>صلی" <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد. ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست. ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س (<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)<br />
کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً متشکل" <strong>ا</strong>ست که گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم) <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی معلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی"... <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م که "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> (همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>) د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د. تمجيده<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقيم م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز "ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی" خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ليغ ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم تم<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. طی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح علم) کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>: "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ر</strong>حله د<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش که گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میلغزد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد (د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده: "تقديم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ") <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>فت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه کل فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. م<strong>ر</strong>حله چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حذف <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی. "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می" <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ش چ<strong>ر</strong>خيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ن</strong>ی که طی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
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