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178<br />
A<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
که کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د!<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>صفحه "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، م<strong>ا</strong>خ فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی "<strong>ن</strong>زديک شده" (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ئيسم <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم)، <strong>پ</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دتم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست شخصی" م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>قف فلسفه شده <strong>و</strong> "محکمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز"،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>قف ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يج مذه<strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د: "علم <strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که علم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>حی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دهد که "تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> حقيقی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک<br />
همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> فصله<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت "کمی" تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ "يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ي<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم، يک ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه "م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>دم." ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست... که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
متد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف!) شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت، <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی، <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لط<strong>ب</strong>يعهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه يک دگم مذه<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه کيش <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س يک "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س جديد"، يک "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی علمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>عظه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که "حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفت که کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>و</strong>قتی ههکل تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ب</strong>ه مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
ههکل <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د که "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه علمی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"، د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ههکل "<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."، س<strong>و</strong>م ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> "ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه مح<strong>ا</strong>فظه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>تی کليس<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong><br />
١٠٠ B<br />
C<br />
(١۵١ –<br />
۵٢<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
٢٨۴<br />
،١٩٠١ جلد ،٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت :۶٩ ،۶۵ ،۵۵<br />
،١۶<br />
١٠٠<br />
-A<br />
-B<br />
-C<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م کي<strong>ن</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، "خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقم." (صفحه ۵٨): "<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ُ<strong>ب</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>." (صفحه ۵٢)<br />
"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"، جلد ژ<strong>و</strong>ئيه ١٩٠۶؛ <strong>پ</strong>. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س، "فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ"، صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، جلد ١٣، صفحه ٢۴ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک علم"، مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
٣٣٣<br />
،٣۴۵<br />
،٣٢٠
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