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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 177<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ١٠۴)<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته" ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د!)<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م "مقدمه" خ<strong>و</strong>د تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س، کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>، تسيه<strong>ر</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د. (صفحه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ليست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>سيک<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" د<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س! <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> "حتی"<br />
(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد) خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
متخصص، <strong>ن</strong>يز معلمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، فهميد<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد. ح<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" ک<strong>و</strong>چک، <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لتی کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زد<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>فظ خل<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> عصمت، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
"تکميل ک<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، م<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه ليست<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که (<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> يک "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم") <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلطيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، گست<strong>ر</strong>ش دهد. م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<br />
عقيده د<strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>" ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د:["مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
.P 205 ("Mind", vol. VI, 1897T "شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
(Verworn)<br />
Howard V. Knox in ) [<br />
A<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(Orginalität)<br />
١٩٠۴<br />
١٩٠۶ (٣٠١ – ٢٩٨<br />
(Das Weltproblem etc.", S. 137, Anm")<br />
٩٩<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" Apriori) (logisches<br />
– (Nosdrjow)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>کيدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست." ) II, Georg Rodier in "Revue philosophique, 1888,<br />
(vol. 26, p. 200<br />
(٨<br />
–<br />
١٩٠١<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديک" مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد معلم م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> "س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
تف<strong>ا</strong>هم" <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د"<br />
که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "چيزی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"، يک "شيئ <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"، يک "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته" <strong>و</strong><br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شد."<br />
Die Lehre des Prof. K. Pearson ist ein einfaches Echo der wirklich grossen Lehren<br />
Berkeleys
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