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16 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ر</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، مثل چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ سفت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، مثل چيزی که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٨)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف عليه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عملش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی." (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تض<strong>ا</strong>دی"، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>لی" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت تلف ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد عقيده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه عميقی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> کسل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>م که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه ک<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج س<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "مطلق" <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه جس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "شيئ فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف مشخص<br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مطلق <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong>ز صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> دقتی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ز مخت<strong>ر</strong>عي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه"، ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم) مدعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٧١٠، چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ئل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فلسفه "<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"، کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه جه<strong>ا</strong>لت حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست: که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" ي<strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
تحليله<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عميق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مطلقه<strong>ا</strong>"، "م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>صل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ديد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong>ده "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ب</strong>خش ۶٨)، که م<strong>ا</strong>ده هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد، شم<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد کلمه<strong>ء</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
(Plekhanov)<br />
–<br />
٢۴<br />
.(٨٠<br />
(٩<br />
.(١۶٧<br />
–<br />
٨<br />
–
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