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<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: تعليم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت (ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>د علم <strong>ا</strong>ستحم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
عمل <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تلقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م (ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
يک س<strong>ن</strong>ت تص<strong>ا</strong>دقی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ژم<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>و</strong> زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>لهی<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ست." ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفحه ٣۵٧)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که گفت د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" "مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی" (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده خد<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم که هسته <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مطلقً<strong>ا</strong> "فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يده شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>د که تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی دقيق<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چيزی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی "میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد" که می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد چيزی جز هستی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همه، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>و</strong>صيه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>س م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شد، ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(235 .S :Der Kampf, ,1908 ,5 "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خيلی <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ديد") <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی محض <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معلم ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
زده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ، يک م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میج<strong>ن</strong>گيم ش<strong>و</strong>خی <strong>ن</strong>يست!)<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد؛ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چيزی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ف<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه عملی <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><br />
(dem )<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(XII<br />
–<br />
(٢٩٢<br />
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