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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 171<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "هستی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، که د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مطلق<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، کل مقدم هستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> تقل<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی" تشخيص<br />
<strong>ن</strong>دهد! فقط فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی "<strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "مح<strong>ر</strong>ز" د<strong>ر</strong> صف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست! چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ هيچ <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>و</strong>زه جعلي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی که يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صی هم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شدتی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..." حظ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. دلم ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز صميم قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، لکل<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>: "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"، "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک "ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، دشم<strong>ن</strong> عمده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست. )<br />
<strong>و</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>و</strong>م: "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"). "علم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طهه<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د" (صفحه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
چيزيست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد!) چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>" ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تصديق<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"، <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "عملی". "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست." )<br />
Grundlagen einer<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
–<br />
X) ،("soziale Frage", S. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
Über Transcendenz des<br />
-<br />
A<br />
–<br />
(۵٢<br />
(Zusammengehoerigkeit)<br />
(٣۴<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(Erkenntnistheorie, 1884, S. 21<br />
–<br />
٣٣<br />
(Objekts und Subjekts, S. 73<br />
–<br />
–<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه م<strong>ا</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>خلی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست که) علم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی معم<strong>و</strong>لی (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
A- Wilhelm Schuppe, "Die imannente Philosophie und Wilhelm Wundt" Zeitschrift<br />
für imannente Philosophie, Band II, S. 195
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