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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 169<br />
(٨٢<br />
Erkenntnistheorie<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
عليه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هديه <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد." (صفحه ٣٣٠) [<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><br />
جهت که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "حکم میک<strong>ن</strong>د" که (صفحه ٢۴٢): "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، يک <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ا</strong>شک می<strong>ر</strong>يزد (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه کم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عقد د<strong>ا</strong>ئم ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ديدی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی هم<br />
س<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز چه مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong>د قضيه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
[لکل<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"؛ "د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میدهد، <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی جعلی <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، يک <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ک جعلی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فس<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
، <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
:(٢۴٢<br />
٩٦<br />
[<br />
[<br />
B<br />
A<br />
١٨٧٩<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، يک <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>يه تي<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> صيغه د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، عقيده ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Und vergiesst dabei Tränen darüber, dass der Materialismus "herrscht" (S. 242):<br />
"Wer heute an ein jenseitiges Leben gleubt, auch nur der Moeglichkeit nach, der gilt<br />
als Narr." (Ib) Und eben diese Deutschen Menschikow, Obskuranten von nicht<br />
geringerer Guete als Renouvier, leben mit den Emperiokritikern in festem<br />
Konkubinat. Ihre theoretische Verwantschaft ist unbestreitbar. Vom Kantianismus<br />
haben die Innanenzphilosophen nicht mehr als Petzoldt und Pearson. Wir haben oben<br />
gesehen, dass sie sich selbst als Schüler Humes und Berkeleys bekennen, und diese<br />
Einschätzung der Imannenzphilosophen ist in der philosophischen Literatur<br />
allgemein anerkannt. S.211<br />
١٨٧٩<br />
-B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، "د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong> جعلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فس<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>.
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