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ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>، شيئ، شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست." (جلد ١٩٠۴، ١۵، صفحه ١٧٩)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ده، م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مث<strong>ا</strong>لهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع غلط) <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست." (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کلی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." ("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"، صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که: "مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میدهی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>ی: مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه <strong>و</strong> سسس<strong>ا</strong>لم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی خ<strong>و</strong>د متقل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سطیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. لکل<strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٩، <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که "کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی مستعد"<br />
ژ. <strong>ر</strong>مک، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>تست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک خد<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق محس<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" (ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "معي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صف "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>" ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>د؟) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عهده ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست" خ<strong>ا</strong>تمه د<strong>ا</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم مسيحی"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مدل <strong>ا</strong>ز "خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی علمی" <strong>ا</strong>ست (ژ. <strong>ر</strong>مک،<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که گ<strong>ر</strong>چه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ تحت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد <strong>و</strong><br />
جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی کليس<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی" محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> فلسفه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
A<br />
،٣ صفحه (XXII<br />
(١۴٩<br />
(٣٧<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د. (73 .S ("Der Realismun etc.",<br />
،١٨٨٠<br />
،Die Welt als Wahrnehmung und Begriff <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
،Zeitschrift für imannente Philosophie <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
،٢ صفحه (۵٢<br />
Grundlage einer<br />
، جلد<br />
،١٨٨٠ صفحه (٣١٢<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د. Philosophie) Zeitschrift für imannente<br />
Grundzuge der Ethik und Rechtsphilosophie<br />
،Breslau ،١٨٨١ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت (٣٢۵ ،١٨١ –<br />
–<br />
–<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک ديگ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً هيچ س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." ("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..." صفحه ٢۶)<br />
-A
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