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گل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 167<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مک" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>ق خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>م مد<strong>ر</strong>سي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ق شده ذک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "ت<strong>ا</strong>ييدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد گفت که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص شم<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س)<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست." ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه" که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد"، <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ف. ف. ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د") <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ا</strong>س، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل (د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>)، چ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه (د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>لز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه، میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
"حتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيزد که عليه تک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شدي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح غي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د... مثل م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
فيزيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>... د<strong>ر</strong> همه دسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د میج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جستج<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> مدخلی <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
يک ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> کلمه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>يه. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>و</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. فلسفه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> علم لَمّی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صل دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>يلی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>ل ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>و</strong>م"، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تي<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ ه<strong>و</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دست هم فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يک همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
١٨٩٣، <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />
٩٥<br />
٩٤<br />
٩٣D<br />
–<br />
١٨٩۶<br />
–<br />
C<br />
B<br />
(Gegen die Schulweisheit)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
L'Annee Philosophique<br />
A- Dr. Richard von Schubert – Soldern, "Ueber Transcendenz des Objekts und<br />
Subjekts", 1882, S. 37 und $ 5. Vgl. Von selben Verfasser "Grundlagen einer<br />
Erkenntnistheorie", 1884, S. 3<br />
B- "Vierteljahrsschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie", 17.Jahrgang, 1893, S. 384<br />
C- Dr. Richard von Schubert – Soldern, "Das menschliche Glueck und die soziale<br />
Frage", 1896, S. V, VI<br />
D - "Zeitschrift für immanente Philosophie", Bd. I, Berlin, 1896, S.6, 9 93
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