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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 163<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک" <strong>ن</strong>يز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يج که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معلم خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست کُمت <strong>و</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی چد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست میس<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی عجي<strong>ب</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت گيج ک<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت تهی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ست ک<strong>ن</strong>ت،<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>، ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی، تعد<strong>ا</strong>د زي<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کليه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هشت<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
تحت<strong>ا</strong>لفظی ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>ک<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چه کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ز فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong>قع صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>ا</strong>سمی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مهمی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>حم میک<strong>ن</strong>يم." ("ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، صفحه ٢۵)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست "<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>حم ک<strong>ن</strong>د" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دل<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه چه کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که (<strong>ن</strong>. ث. <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"، <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، ١٨٨۵) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش جد<strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>يل، <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که)<br />
"مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
صفحه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تحليل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>. ل<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>يل، <strong>و</strong>. <strong>و</strong>. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>ه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً"<br />
١٨ ،٣<br />
٨٩<br />
–<br />
٩١<br />
١٨٩٢<br />
١٨٩١<br />
=<br />
:Flohknacker)<br />
١٨٨٨<br />
٩٠<br />
١٢٧ ،١٩ –<br />
١٢٠
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