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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 157<br />
٨٦<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زد<strong>ن</strong>د کمک، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست!<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>یم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست که<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، هميشه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م مي<strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ملحق شد <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زد: م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>دم! هيچ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ن</strong>قد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> گذشته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديد، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم! م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خيلی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>.<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>لتز هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> فيشيه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong>قدي<strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> فيشته <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، خط<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ<br />
فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت (<strong>ب</strong>جز ش<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" مطلق) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٩ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ست<strong>و</strong>د، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" که د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م "شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ) usw. Der Realismus der modernen Naturwissenschaft,<br />
"(gepfefferter)<br />
(S. 6<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيزت<strong>ر</strong><br />
لکل<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>، کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل کشيده<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ،(Zwitterhaft) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، مح<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ۴١) "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی (ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی) ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />
(Verquickung)