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14 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
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–<br />
–<br />
" ت<strong>ب</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه" م<strong>ا</strong>ده "خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز حد<strong>و</strong>د "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س گفته<strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک چيز "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته" <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د: زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست؟ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>): <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل" میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، شيئ فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،<br />
يک "، يک مطلق، يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعه "يک <strong>ا</strong>لمث<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> ("م<strong>ا</strong>ده مقدس" <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد) <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> غلطيد" مت<strong>و</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی مفصلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست که<strong>ن</strong>، ج<strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تحقيق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> خط فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،<br />
<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خط فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د: "ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ب</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فع<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه <strong>و</strong> تخيل شکل<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه، م<strong>ن</strong> سخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، گ<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>م... <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی طعمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؛ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل میس<strong>ا</strong>زد... <strong>و</strong>قتی که<br />
تعد<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حس ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>و</strong>قتی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ، مزه، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>، شکل <strong>و</strong><br />
ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ مشخص <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />
سي<strong>ب</strong> مشخص میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ مجم<strong>و</strong>عهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>، يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ، يک د<strong>ر</strong>خت، يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د." (<strong>ب</strong>خش ١).<br />
١٧١٠<br />
A<br />
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<strong>ا</strong>ٓکسف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ١٨١٠<br />
ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی: "<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی".<br />
يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس) <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
–<br />
A
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