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فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 155<br />
(Gemut)<br />
ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه، متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>يز میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز عقل مطلق "دليل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد که ه<strong>ر</strong> عمل<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>عد (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد." (صفحه ٢۶۶) ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />
<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧٢<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>و</strong>لز هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تسليم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "دگمی" که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی (مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق، <strong>ب</strong>لکه حتی ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی فيشته م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د، "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"<br />
<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت هيچ تم<strong>ا</strong>يز "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم" ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
فيشته يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه "م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ست. (صفحه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
مفس<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی فيل <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>و</strong> فيل<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong>. شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه شم<strong>ا</strong>، که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د!" (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. ) Werke,<br />
(Gemut)<br />
(٢۶٨ –<br />
(۴٨٠<br />
(۴٨٣<br />
(٢۶۵<br />
،Bd. 1 صفحه<br />
(۴٨٣<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س شديد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"<br />
"تصفيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز علم لمّی <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خط که<strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی، ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>و</strong> ژ. گ. فيشته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه مید<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>شت "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل "تصفيه<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د". د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه میک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد (<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حذف ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی، <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تیست، که<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> عليتی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>که شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>فيش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میزد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "<strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل مطلق که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عقل مطلق (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی علم لَمّی) ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته
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