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۵۶<br />
(IV<br />
154<br />
صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> چيست؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه" <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
"تصفيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چه چيز تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز علم لمّی. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: ["<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق، ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئد مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حذف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فضيلت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> عليت تصفيه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>خش يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز خط فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>خ يکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مسئله "تصفيه<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تصفيه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه علم لمّی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خطی شد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ش<strong>و</strong>لز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س، يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ژ.گ فيشته، يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong>لز<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> شک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م، شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم (صفحه ٢۵)؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
(صفحه ١١٢)، عليت، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. (صفحه کسی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهد. (صفحه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک" <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه عليت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهيم. (صفحه<br />
که عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
١۴٢) "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز (که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز عقل م<strong>ا</strong><br />
۵۶<br />
(١١٣<br />
١٧٩٢<br />
(١٠٠<br />
(١١۴<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
(٩۵<br />
٧٢<br />
١۶١<br />
،۵۶<br />
(۵٧<br />
(Wie erfahren niemals)<br />
[<br />
A<br />
(١۴١<br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ‛مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>‛ ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد "خ<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حذف<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />
Dagegen dürfte die Frage, ob aus dem Inhalt des Erfahrungen gleicherweise die Zutat<br />
der 'apriorischen Verstandesbegriffe' entfernt… S.192
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