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<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 13<br />
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چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عده<strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست" د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٨<br />
عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٧١٠<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> کس که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د فلسفه (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لهي<strong>ا</strong>ت) مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مستقيم ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د شده، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يکمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم "<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> "جديد"، علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل،<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong> کس <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ب</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میستيز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دف<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست" <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>سيعً<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم<br />
"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد، مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>هميت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
A<br />
B<br />
-<br />
<strong>و</strong>. چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی". مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩٠٧، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
A<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگس<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />
("<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
- B<br />
Über die Lehre Humes von der Realität der Aussendinge<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>، ١٩٠۴، <strong>ب</strong>خش ٢۶)
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