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تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جمع <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيلف ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی"<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" کمک ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>يل ه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong>دسی،<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"، کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک، صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مج<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد يک چيز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله د<strong>و</strong>م "ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ تشخيص دهد.<br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، که "عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>هميت عم<strong>و</strong>می" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٣۴)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً غلط <strong>ا</strong>ست. مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که هم<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>هميت عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>، مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د گذشته زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خلقت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش علم (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل مذه<strong>ب</strong>) مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست که زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<strong>ا</strong>ی، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت، که د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق میده<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong>ست عکس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
٢۶)، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
(Hering)<br />
۶- <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
١۴٠<br />
–<br />
۴٠<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی د<strong>ر</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی" دليلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته دقيق <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>" مسئله ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "صفحه شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز" <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
٨٢A<br />
٨٢<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "... يک صفحه شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د. م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خط<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ل<strong>ا</strong>مذه<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يم." ه<strong>ر</strong> چقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يتت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong>فيق ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، <strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>زج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که ل<strong>ا</strong>س زد<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
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