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"<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>حی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم يک ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مسئله مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت، <strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم عقيده ل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س: "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د..." د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
ميک<strong>ن</strong>د. "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک علم، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً محق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م می<strong>ر</strong>سد، يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>خش<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> يک گي<strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
دهد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معطل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شته شده س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک ي<strong>ا</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يست." (صفحه ل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ده" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی "س<strong>ا</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قد ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>." ژ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل يک مد<strong>ا</strong>فع <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت: "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش مث<strong>ب</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
خص<strong>و</strong>صي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشم<strong>ن</strong>د "ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم" <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
علم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم..."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>زد دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
محققي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> "مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی" (صفحه می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’خ<strong>ا</strong>لص‘ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>له، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً! <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مغش<strong>و</strong>ش خيلی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! مضحکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف حتی شک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی" ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی" که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
(٣٠۴<br />
(۶٧<br />
C<br />
، جلد ،١<br />
٨٠<br />
٨١B<br />
A- علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
ژ- .م. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>تلی، "مجله فلسفی" ، جلد ششم،<br />
<strong>ر</strong>- ژ. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل، "علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ١٨٩٢، صفحه ۴۵۴<br />
،١٨٩٢ صفحه ٣٠٠<br />
٨١<br />
۵ س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ،١٨٩٧ صفحه ۵٢٣<br />
.<br />
B<br />
C
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