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فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 143<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٢ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م هيچ کس <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيده<strong>ا</strong>م، گفته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز قصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
(Die Kosten einer Spukgeschichte bestreiten wird)<br />
١٨٢١ ۵<br />
(١٨۴<br />
(۶<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خدمت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خدمت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"قصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح" م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د!<br />
<strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فقط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک قصه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زي<strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>ش لح<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه")<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ئه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً معل<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل ش<strong>و</strong>يم: [<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> خص<strong>و</strong>صي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی م<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم. ]" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست، خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده. "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
(زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong> عظيم، ق<strong>و</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، محت<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ط<strong>ب</strong>ق معم<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيق تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت تقسيم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong><br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١٩١، خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> دقيق م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، که تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، م<strong>ا</strong>خ غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق ک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د، هيچ<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د! (صفحه ١٩٢)<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
– م) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> شي<strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
-A<br />
Sie befinden sich nicht in den Dingen, sondern sind unsere Art (our mode), die Dinge<br />
wahrzunehmen S. 179
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