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فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز سه دهه س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
علم د<strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی عظيم <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>گيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مثل س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "مض<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که مسئله فض<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ُ<strong>ب</strong>عد n<strong>ا</strong>ُم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ه حق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میگي<strong>ر</strong>د مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>و</strong> مفيد يک<br />
فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ُعدی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متعددی که مشکل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تصميم <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ده<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عد چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>! م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع دف<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که شم<strong>ا</strong> متدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل چيزی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يد. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی، م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، هدف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
میج<strong>ن</strong>گيد <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمی که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يد! <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>)<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قي<strong>ا</strong>ت، د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دست م<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده که <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>عد چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م کمک<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."<br />
يک دليل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د، دليلی که م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دست<br />
–<br />
٨۵<br />
n<br />
"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" Fall) (ein wirklicher<br />
(۴٨٣<br />
–
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