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فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 141<br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>دی صد<strong>ا</strong>ی مشخصی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم." (صفحه ٢٧) "دليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ملک<strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيده<strong>ا</strong>يم."<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
(unbestreitbare Überlegung)<br />
(صفحه ٣٠)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>پ</strong>س "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"؛ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />
يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی که م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ئی که سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ن</strong>يست جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د ("مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه ۴١٨)، <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست مسئله <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م) <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د (ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس" <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong>، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />
چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د! چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ژ.<br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز لق<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>مک ق<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>عظ میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ، يک "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلمه" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ست گفت. [ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع علم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تم، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه<br />
<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل علم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز هست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. علم شک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد د<strong>ر</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ن</strong>يز "ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
[<br />
B<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
(٢۵٢<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
A- Anton von Leclair, Der Realismus der modernen Naturwissenschaft im Lichte der<br />
von Berkeley und Kant angebahnten Erkenntniskritik<br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت"، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ ١٨٧٩<br />
B- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: دليل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>ک علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
Machs Betrachtung ist der Übergang aus dem Lager der Naturwissenschaft in das des<br />
Fideismus.
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