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زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۴٣۴)<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی مفه<strong>و</strong>م زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>و</strong><br />
مثل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جهت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د میده<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> زيستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
محيط <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مسئله میل<strong>و</strong>لد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معم<strong>و</strong>ل غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست (صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه ميدهد، د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ‛<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت مدت ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> مدتی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی "<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میستيزد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ کج<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيکی که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشغله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی" مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که "مض<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله د<strong>و</strong>م، خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که شخص مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يست ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د." Arbeit") ،"Erhaltung der صفحه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده) <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم "يک محد<strong>و</strong>ديت غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحميل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />
،٢٩<br />
(unschädlich)<br />
..."<br />
(۴۴٣ – ۴۴<br />
١٨٧٢<br />
(das bloss Gedachte)<br />
(صفحه ۴۴٢)<br />
۵۵<br />
" ی<strong>ب</strong>
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