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<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> که چه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ع<strong>و</strong>ض میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>يده زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ش<strong>و</strong>د." ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، صفحه ۴١)<br />
٧٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که حتی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچه<strong>ا</strong> هم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د که کُ<strong>ن</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong><br />
چيست! <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد که<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
شخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>دهيم. ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست فلسفی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً زي<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>هه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>طع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز، مثل ح<strong>ا</strong>لت کلی، <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />
میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ تذک<strong>ر</strong> میدهد که "<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی همه هستی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> مهمل ف<strong>ا</strong>حش <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت عليه مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>حش خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>فهمد،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سل <strong>ب</strong>ه "علت غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی" جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "مح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>صلی" (که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />
ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م "خد<strong>ا</strong>") <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ف فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد. <strong>ب</strong>ی شک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ملحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه دهد که حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>يشه مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong><br />
خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، (چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> متزلزل <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>