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فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 137<br />
حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>و</strong>سيله ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متخصصي<strong>ن</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>أی <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨١<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>قت<br />
علمی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست".<br />
(٨٠ –<br />
۵- مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز همه د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم می<strong>ا</strong>يستد <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شکله<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />
خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
هستی مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د." ،Werke) صفحه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حس، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، ط<strong>ب</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقی<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هستی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت حقيقت<br />
مطلق می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د. تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، مچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>هميت حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست) صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مستقيم<br />
(٣٣٢<br />
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