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فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 135<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی" میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی جيمز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> لف<strong>ا</strong>ظی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد، کل گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ "معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سه<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ن</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی." ("<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"، جلد<br />
يک، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ٨٢)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ر</strong>سيد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
سطح ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ميده<strong>ن</strong>د، خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم. د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش عميقی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
دست میدهد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده:<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، که <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ’<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست‘ چيست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ۵٢)<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ [<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د، عل<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که يک فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خلع سل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />
–<br />
(٣٠<br />
–<br />
٧٨<br />
[<br />
(٣١<br />
A<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم عل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د"! <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... ("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
–<br />
–<br />
صفحه ٣٠)<br />
Dieses Subjekt unternahm es, öffentlich über die Philosophie des Marxismus zu<br />
schwatzen, um nun zu erklären, dass ihm die elementarsten Sätze des Materialismus<br />
"unklar" seien! Engels zeigte an dem Beispiel Dühring, das seine halbwegs<br />
konsequente Philosophie die Einheit der Welt entweder aus dem Denken ableiten
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