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فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 133<br />
Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemaess dem Prinzip den kleinsten<br />
(١٨٧۶) Kraftmasses<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. عليت <strong>و</strong> "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" (کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت" <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>: م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میده<strong>ن</strong>د) تحت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د "حذف شده" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی محض ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی تحت<br />
ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه. هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمده د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"<br />
مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م)<strong>ا</strong>ست، عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
فلسفی تصديق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>چم "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی صفحه دفعت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم، ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میدهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>صل" مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيست؟ دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> "فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م" ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که "فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم" <strong>ا</strong>تم تقسيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که عليه لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مق<strong>و</strong>له "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست. شخص فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />
عل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ش "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی. صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت دست میز<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت (صفحه ٣۶۶؛<br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ٣٩١): "هدف فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت علمی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>...، متي<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>... تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، "<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز کل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی کسی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که هدف علم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
حقيقی (متي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
١٨٧٢<br />
–<br />
Wärmelehre<br />
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