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<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>ست که حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده مح<strong>و</strong><br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> سطح "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د!<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد که تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ <strong>ن</strong>قش تخيل، <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، "هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. (صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد، ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزش <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل شخصيت د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ حتی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ي<strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تحت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..." (صفحه<br />
"تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>زيم غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت طل<strong>ب</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت) <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>.. <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک <strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک<br />
حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ل<strong>ا</strong>زم يک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مقدمت<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
يک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>يم." (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، صفحه ٧۶)<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> [<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> جلد مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ش، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong><br />
شده د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل "مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی" <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی لغزيده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عليت يک کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>هفته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که گفتگ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم" <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. تميز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عليت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت عقيده د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong><br />
يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست "دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
کل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "تعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>طقی" <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت م<strong>و</strong>ضع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>خشد؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه،<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
(٧٣<br />
(۶۵<br />
B<br />
[<br />
A<br />
.١٩٠۶<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:<br />
und mit diesem "logischen Apriori"<br />
B- Petzoldt, "Das Weltproblem von positivischem Standpunkte aus",<br />
١٩٠۶ صفحه<br />
(erfahrungsmässige)<br />
١٣٠، هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،<br />
لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />
محيط م<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
عليت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده
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