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فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 125<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که ص<strong>ر</strong>ف گفت<strong>ن</strong> "هم <strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />
ت<strong>ب</strong>عی" کشفی د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "فيتیشيسم" ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت"، "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی (د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong>قل شد، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، محق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"کلمه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل" ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که مفه<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج مش<strong>ا</strong>هده د<strong>ر</strong> شکل مق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، که حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
عل<strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شيمی جزئ<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میز<strong>ن</strong>يم) <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>ظم،<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه تحت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ت<strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً مهمی که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>جه دقتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت علّی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
دقيق <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>، ق<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> فط<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> (هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>)، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عليت، "ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش" میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی" مثل<br />
يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ن</strong>ه، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "قد<strong>ر</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>غي<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ا</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی جزئی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم، قد<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ست. که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
قد<strong>ر</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ) حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>گه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (؟) ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ک<strong>ا</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> محيط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>فقيت <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (383.S (Wärmelehre,<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی محيط<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم؟ کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گشت، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
philosophische<br />
(Auflage 3 S.278)<br />
(٣٨٣<br />
(١٨٢<br />
، Studien صفحه ٣٨٨