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122<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
خ<strong>ر</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> هستی تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی" VII) ،Werke, Band ،١٩٠٣ صفحه – ٢۵ (۵١٨<br />
يکی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> عليت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظم، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. کليه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> خط فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<br />
عليت، <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه خط <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، خ<strong>ر</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می<strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>می ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د. خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله عليت، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />
(که عليت هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د) يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش ضعيفت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>قيقت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مغز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله خ<strong>ا</strong>ص عليت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> کل، جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کسی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقت هم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حتی<br />
ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليت، ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>و</strong>ضع<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی (تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> کلی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهميم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، عليت، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، علته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص،<br />
معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>و</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، د<strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط کلیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گيتی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، د<strong>ر</strong> هم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>و</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>و</strong>ل فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> علته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت علت میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عکس، <strong>پ</strong>يچيده میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل هميشه ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
(natürlich)<br />
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(۶<br />
–<br />
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