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فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 119<br />
٢- خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٩٠۵)<br />
X-XI<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه مقدمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"<br />
"يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ء</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تم<strong>ا</strong>م مع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً تهی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>چ<strong>ن</strong>، يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکست<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم (<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت) میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مفه<strong>و</strong>م "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ’<strong>و</strong>سيله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت‘، <strong>ب</strong>ه "مع<strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د." ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست! ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>جع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" دست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، که <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جستهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده، <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که، مث ًل<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً کليه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> (صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />
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ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د "يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />
"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده"؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>گفت، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.<br />
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