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<strong>ا</strong>ست." (مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میفهمد که يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد که ت<strong>و</strong>سل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "چيز س<strong>و</strong>م" يک حيله محض <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيزيک چيست <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی چيست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
"چيز س<strong>و</strong>م" چيست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حيله می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د که "م<strong>ن</strong>" (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی) <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت (محيط) (ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه) ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته حتی تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت مطلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که چه چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی<br />
<strong>و</strong> چه چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم کلمه "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص "ف<strong>ر</strong>ض" زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، د<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د: ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست‘، ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست‘؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی شد‘<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د‘؛" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "م<strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>و</strong> محيط تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لحظه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>سست. <strong>ب</strong>عد: "مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ب</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>يش، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که محيط مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د! "مفه<strong>و</strong>م تحليلی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"<br />
"يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيج چيز، که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست، مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد." (صفحه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د حقيقی<br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص" ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی) تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ که<br />
(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی) <strong>و</strong><br />
"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع کلمه" د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د؛ که "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ميدهی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>ی، "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
مشخص میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />
خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تطهي<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ر</strong>يل می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص چيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />
–<br />
Sachhafte Werte<br />
(٢<br />
–<br />
(١<br />
gedankenhafte Werte<br />
(Bemerkungen)<br />
٦٧<br />
(٢<br />
١<br />
A- Einfuehrung in der Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung. Band 2 S.329
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