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خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />

حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست هستی فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هستی س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته شد،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شدهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دش هيچ کس مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> تيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شک ک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>فی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>دش"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محيط <strong>و</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> زي<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏<br />

صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خ فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ‏"تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ دشم<strong>ن</strong> متعص<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong>ئم ت<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ميل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديک میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد"‏ ‏("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ س<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک دست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ء</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيکی<br />

میچ<strong>ر</strong>خد.‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>می مطلق م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د که<br />

حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"علم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ خط فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز هستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط عکس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ که<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يک<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خط فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چشم<br />

می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ز تع<strong>ر</strong>يفه<strong>ا</strong>ئی غض<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست که،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

میده<strong>ن</strong>د."،‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه<br />

‏("م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست"‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس)‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی،‏<br />

١٩٠٠، صفحه<br />

–<br />

،(XVI <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

(٢۶۵<br />

–<br />

(٢۴٩

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