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فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 111<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مقدم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>و</strong> جعلي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>دهد<br />
"مطلق" گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د، حقيقت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد، <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه علم <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>دش<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "عص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک<br />
حقيقت "عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی" <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم" میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست. تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليل س<strong>ا</strong>ده که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د، يک<br />
حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل کليه کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د دهه گذشته، حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی کل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک تسليم <strong>ب</strong>خشش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عقيده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديگت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم (<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم). <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ<br />
<strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ر</strong>سيد.<br />
١٨٢١<br />
۵<br />
،٣ صفحه .(VII