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محد<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ديديم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ديست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک تص<strong>ا</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه عملی، يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غي<strong>ر</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>فيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محد<strong>و</strong>د. مستقل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>دگی<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong>ش، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هدف <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<strong>ا</strong>ش؛ غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>و</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
تحقق<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> لحظه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص." (صفحه ٨١)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد: "د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يز دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> همگی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست حل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د همه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>) ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> حتی ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک دليل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه کمت<strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهميد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقتی قط<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
حقيقت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> جهت متض<strong>ا</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شته ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته محد<strong>و</strong>دی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علمی دقيق <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که مطلقً<strong>ا</strong><br />
معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم: ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> قط<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ه متض<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د، حقيقت خط<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت" (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد (که حجم يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د). "يک ج<strong>و</strong> حقيقت" م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، فقط د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی" حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حقيقت مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ه دست دهد، <strong>و</strong> میدهد، که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مجم<strong>و</strong>ع<br />
حقيقت مطلق می<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت ه<strong>ر</strong> قضيه علمی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت گست<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />
میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>يزد. ژ. ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "حقيقت مطلق میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديده ش<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
٦٠<br />
(٨۶<br />
٥٩<br />
،(Anlage)<br />
٦١<br />
A<br />
cf.V. Chernov, loc. Cit., p.64, et seq.<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که<br />
د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست. تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میک<strong>و</strong>شد عدم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف حس<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
-A
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