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فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 101<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی (شک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی (<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>يک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه" خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />
که حقيقت ي<strong>ا</strong> هستی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، شخص می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست (ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ن</strong>د) ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ر</strong>سيد که: فقط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هستی مگ<strong>ر</strong> هستی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
(Sinnliche)<br />
"(atteinndre nos sens)"<br />
(Schwegler)<br />
۵- حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کشف شد<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کشف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>صف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م." (صفحه V) يع<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>فی تم<strong>ا</strong>می حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی،<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>فی عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط تم<strong>ا</strong>می حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>." "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> علي<strong>ر</strong>غم ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> "حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی" معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>پ</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."<br />
(صفحه (VIII "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د قي<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> قي<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />
دهد..." <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش "حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی" ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که کسی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
کشف حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده" (Plattheiten)<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع "حقيقتی" <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>و</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ث<strong>ب</strong>ت يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد، که ش<strong>ا</strong>يد حتی هيچ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>سل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فع<strong>ا</strong>ليتی خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حقيقت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ’گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده‘ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ حقيقت يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ل<strong>ا</strong>زم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
:VIII "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
–<br />
١٨٢١<br />
۵<br />
(IV<br />
Geschichte der Philosophie im Umriss<br />
-A<br />
دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />
(ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه) صفحه<br />
<strong>و</strong> ١٩۴<br />
١۵ - te Aufl.
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