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<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله که<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د": ق<strong>ر</strong>مز، س<strong>ب</strong>ز، سفت، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
ط<strong>و</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong>مز می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخت حس<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سش فلسفی قديمی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د، هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong>میغلتيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستحق<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی می<strong>ا</strong>فتيد. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مدت ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م ، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک مق<strong>و</strong>له فلسفی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که مستقل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />
شده، عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
"عتيقه ش<strong>و</strong>د" ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فلسفه، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> علم، <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق حسی <strong>و</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> طی د<strong>و</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د عتيقه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده مسئله <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست، مسئله<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>ش مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده، مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دلقک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه، ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، عتيقهت<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، همه يک چيز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چقد<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
يک<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "چه م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيل<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست." هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد که ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> يک خط فلسفی<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح! <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<br />
(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ديکش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فلسفه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>يست که کليه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی" <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> "تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>زل میدهد."<br />
(Verkundung)<br />
(ausgemachte)<br />
.(١٩۵<br />
B<br />
A<br />
(Grund<br />
-A ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ، Saemtliche Werke Band X ١٨۶۶ صفحه - ٩۵ ١٩۴<br />
،Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٨٧۵<br />
-B<br />
ديکش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عل<strong>و</strong>م فلسفیِ