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<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><br />

()

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> 3<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<strong>ء</strong><br />

ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>هي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل ‏"ده س<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که د<strong>ر</strong> جلد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مجم<strong>و</strong>عه جلدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل ١٩٧١ <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده،‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> قطع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تعد<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

معد<strong>و</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>زيع <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ديم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی دع<strong>و</strong>ت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>ميمی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>ع <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جديت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهيم.‏<br />

١۴<br />

۴۵<br />

هيئت تح<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓسي<strong>ا</strong><br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ١٩٧٨

4 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ashkan43@gmx.de<br />

"["<br />

-<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong>خت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فتخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتم ت<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی کم<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ر</strong>س عل<strong>ا</strong>قه م<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>و</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>،‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> همه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عظيمی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مجه<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> زحم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کشيده <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>دی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص عمده<strong>ا</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> سعی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>دم ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی که کل <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> دست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يميل م<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی همي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>ج ک<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

جمل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم<br />

<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> جمله <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست،‏ مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس،‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

د<strong>و</strong> کلمه ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس،‏ مت<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جمله<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تسلط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه مت<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

-<br />

"]"<br />

-<br />

W.I.Lenin, "Materialismus und Empiriokritizismus", Dietz Verlag Berlin,<br />

12 Auflage, 1973<br />

-<br />

س<strong>و</strong>د جسته<strong>ا</strong>م.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علت ه<strong>ر</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"‏ ("Erkenntnistheorie") <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م.‏ مثل:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

کسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی ‏[ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

."Erkenntnistheorie"

چ<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی 5<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت]‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد..."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

۵۶) مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جمله<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ق:‏<br />

"Erklärt mann die korrelation von Zentralglied und Gegenglied für eine<br />

erkenntnistheoretische Notwendigkeit, die zu umgehen unmöglich<br />

sei,…" S. 65<br />

-<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ب</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> سليقه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کليت کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دخ<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت سعی<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که مت<strong>ر</strong>جمي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تسلط ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه تسلط <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عد ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> جمله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ لذ<strong>ا</strong> جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

- صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی فصله<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>و</strong> صفحه سفيد که مجم<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>قه سفيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عزيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> غلط گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ صميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تشک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏<br />

غل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ 01.01.2010<br />

A5

6 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

-١<br />

-٢<br />

-٣<br />

-۴<br />

١<br />

ده س<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

‏"فلسفه<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک،‏ ‏"تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تقسيم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> حد ف<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ متزلزل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد؟<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>"،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏<br />

صفحه ٢٨، <strong>ب</strong>خش يک،‏ قسمت<br />

صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

١٨٨۶، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ صحيح مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ۶ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>يش جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عليت،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

٢٠، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش سه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏(<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش شش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت.)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی ۴ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ <strong>و</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تقديم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؟ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مد<strong>ا</strong>فع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کل يک م<strong>ر</strong>تجع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد؟<br />

٩- چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زش ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ سک<strong>و</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه تقليد <strong>ر</strong>حمت<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ۴<br />

،۴۵<br />

–<br />

٤<br />

–<br />

(Clericatism)<br />

، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ<br />

٥<br />

‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت")‏<br />

٣<br />

–<br />

(Schuppe)<br />

–<br />

،١٨٨۶<br />

(<br />

٧<br />

–<br />

١٠٣ –<br />

٢١<br />

٦<br />

٢<br />

(<br />

–<br />

-۵<br />

-۶<br />

-٧<br />

-٨

ده سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> 7<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طق <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د تعد<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

١٠- <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصديق میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم هيچ مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لتي<strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

٨<br />

٩<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يج <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده د<strong>ر</strong> مه<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل:‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه خطی<br />

– ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠٨<br />

١٩٢۵، ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> ٣

10

مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 9<br />

مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جدی عليه<br />

فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم دست زده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مدتی کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>يم س<strong>ا</strong>ل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong>قف حمله<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کُت<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> ‏(؟ - صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> گفته میشد ‏"عليه")‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ‏(س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ،‏<br />

١٩٠٨)، سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>می متشکل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong><br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ؛ دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جديد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف.‏<br />

هيچ کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د که<br />

علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت شديد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت سي<strong>ا</strong>سیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک متحد<br />

شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

‏"تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"عتيقه"‏ شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ديهی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ن</strong>گ ج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گست<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ که مغ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جديد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"،‏ ‏"فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>")،‏ ‏"فلسفه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی ‏"فلسفه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی محض می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی!)‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک همي<strong>ن</strong> که مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ص<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می شه<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مح<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم:‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

طف<strong>ر</strong>ه زد<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی حد،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> عده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ق<strong>ا</strong>طع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تحليل مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست ت<strong>و</strong>صيف شد،‏ حقيقتً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>".‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong>حشت،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تصفيه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

–<br />

١١<br />

.<br />

١٣<br />

١٢<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی -<br />

میدهد.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت می<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

A

10 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>يح،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>دی ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زد شد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس عليه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت قديمی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس چيزی گفت<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏<br />

مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دقت <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>ميتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ه<strong>ر</strong>گز کسی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ديد.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه،‏ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‛‏ فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت<br />

مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"ش<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت")‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل جستج<strong>و</strong>ئيم."‏ ‏(ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حقيقتی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لحظه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تذک<strong>ر</strong> دهم <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست ‏"جستج<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>دم،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> هم يک ‏"جستج<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هستم.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong>ظيفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>دم،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>يه گم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د که تحت ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />

چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>هم،‏ مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف<br />

(١۶١<br />

س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٨

مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م 11<br />

مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>لی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>کتش<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ که م<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>صت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>له ضميمه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>و</strong>.‏ ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سکی،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سکی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong>لغ د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong>سه حز<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>صت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عد<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه<br />

میدهد.‏<br />

.<br />

١٤<br />

<strong>ن</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

٢ س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٩٢٠

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 13<br />

<br />

چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عده<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٨<br />

عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٧١٠<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> کس که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د فلسفه ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لهي<strong>ا</strong>ت)‏ مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مستقيم ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د شده،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يکمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم ‏"<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"جديد"،‏ علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل،‏<br />

که ه<strong>ر</strong> کس <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ب</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میستيز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دف<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>سيعً<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم<br />

‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد،‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>هميت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

A<br />

B<br />

-<br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی".‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩٠٧، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

A<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگس<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />

‏("<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

- B<br />

Über die Lehre Humes von der Realität der Aussendinge<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ١٩٠۴، <strong>ب</strong>خش ٢۶)

14 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

–<br />

-<br />

–<br />

–<br />

" ت<strong>ب</strong><br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز حد<strong>و</strong>د ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س گفته<strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک چيز ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست؟ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>):‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل"‏ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏"د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ شيئ فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏<br />

يک "، يک مطلق،‏ يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعه ‏"يک <strong>ا</strong>لمث<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> ‏("م<strong>ا</strong>ده مقدس"‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد)‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> غلطيد"‏ مت<strong>و</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی مفصلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست که<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ج<strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تحقيق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> خط فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خط فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ب</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فع<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه <strong>و</strong> تخيل شکل<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> سخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>م...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی طعمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؛ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل میس<strong>ا</strong>زد...‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی که<br />

تعد<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حس ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ مزه،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ شکل <strong>و</strong><br />

ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ مشخص <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />

سي<strong>ب</strong> مشخص میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ مجم<strong>و</strong>عهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ يک د<strong>ر</strong>خت،‏ يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ١).<br />

١٧١٠<br />

A<br />

-<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓکسف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ١٨١٠<br />

ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی:‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی".‏<br />

يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

–<br />

A

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 15<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ‏"سفت،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>م،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مزهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏"مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لغت ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>لکه کيفيته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش"،‏ چيزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فس ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>تيجه چشمگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه ‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏<br />

‏"ميزی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>و</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>م؛ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ق مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم،‏ میگفتم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />

مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>م..."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش س<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لميکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏(<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مطلق <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،گفته شده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مفه<strong>و</strong>م می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد."‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست".‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش س<strong>و</strong>م يک گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که<br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>قل میش<strong>و</strong>د.)‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عجي<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه همه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س،‏ جد<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط فهم،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

عقيده يک ‏"تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏"زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گفته شده چيست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط حس<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> چه چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؟"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>زد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ا</strong>ست میدهد،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> متهم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> متهم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ،‏ يک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م حذف شده،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت شيئ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک چيز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهم،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ش<strong>ب</strong>يه چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> شکل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> شکل ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد...‏ م<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

–<br />

(۴<br />

۵<br />

.(٢<br />

percipi<br />

٫<br />

esse")<br />

‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ۴)<br />

–<br />

١٩ ،١٨

16 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ر</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ مثل چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ سفت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ مثل چيزی که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ٨)<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف عليه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عملش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تض<strong>ا</strong>دی"،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>لی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت تلف ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد عقيده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه عميقی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> کسل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>م که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه ک<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩)<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج س<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏"مطلق"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه جس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف مشخص<br />

می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مطلق <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong>ز صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> دقتی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ز مخت<strong>ر</strong>عي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه"،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم)‏ مدعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٧١٠، چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ئل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فلسفه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی <strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه جه<strong>ا</strong>لت حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

تحليله<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عميق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مطلقه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>صل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ديد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ۶٨)، که م<strong>ا</strong>ده هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد کلمه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

–<br />

(Plekhanov)<br />

–<br />

٢۴<br />

.(٨٠<br />

(٩<br />

.(١۶٧<br />

–<br />

٨<br />

–

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 17<br />

.(١۶٧<br />

–<br />

٩٨<br />

"<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کلمه هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ز صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست که<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>شد:‏ يک چيزی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ٧٣)، که هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(ص ١٩۵)، که س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> شد!‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز هست<strong>ن</strong>د کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>ليت،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>و</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏ شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که خط<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زی"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی ي<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong>لت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٧١٠ کشف شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏((يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>))‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت حس،‏ يکی مفه<strong>و</strong>م ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong>يم."‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"غي<strong>ر</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل"،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی کشف شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه کشف شد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>می عمده ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل مختلف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩۴)<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج س<strong>و</strong>ئی"‏ می<strong>ر</strong>سيم که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"غي<strong>ر</strong>عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مشتق گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد.‏ ‏"زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>می عمده شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی کف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>دی طی <strong>ا</strong>عص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>ه ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زمی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که ه<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی جز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>س ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>جهی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ب</strong>خش مفل<strong>و</strong>ک ملحدي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ذ<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ٩٢ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ص-‏ ۴<br />

،(٨٧<br />

–<br />

١٧١٠<br />

١٩٠٨<br />

–<br />

(٢٠٣ –<br />

١٧١٠<br />

–<br />

١٩٠٨

18 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

–<br />

‏"همي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>فتد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> کف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معم<strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏("<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"،‏ کشف شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيجدهم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)‏ ‏"فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>ا</strong>صل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل ک<strong>و</strong>شش"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میکشد که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی<br />

خد<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>مه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف<br />

مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد)،‏ مطمئ<strong>ن</strong>م کليه د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏<br />

صلح <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> دليلی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> جس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ د<strong>ر</strong> عهد م<strong>ا</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ مغش<strong>و</strong>ش گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه میک<strong>و</strong>شيد ت<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏"عقل سليم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز متهم شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يز مح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديم."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />

میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط حس ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م لمس میک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>م.‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ چيزيست که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هيچ خس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ که،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ج<strong>ر</strong>أت میگ<strong>و</strong>يم،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز دست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د...‏ ‏[د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ ملحد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يک لغت <strong>ب</strong>ی محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ٣٧، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م که فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ "... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کلمه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ع<strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ مثل <strong>و</strong>سعت،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم متهم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>دث ي<strong>ا</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م که م<strong>ا</strong><br />

–<br />

[<br />

A<br />

،<br />

(!١٨٧۶<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(٣۴<br />

–<br />

" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />

"<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

... ملحد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ يک <strong>ا</strong>سم تهی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش حم<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

-A<br />

Allerdings werden die Atheisten die anscheinende Stütze verlieren, welche ein leeres<br />

Wort ihrer unfrommen Ansicht gewährt…" S. 19

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 19<br />

[<br />

B<br />

[<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه يکی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong>گز،‏ حتی د<strong>ر</strong> تخيل،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

‏[ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>،‏ فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی جهت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ١٠) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏[زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حيله ي<strong>ا</strong> تقل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکلی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لف<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>پ</strong>يچی کل<strong>ا</strong>می ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> جهت مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف عقيده تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

جدی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>يش میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏(غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت د<strong>ا</strong>شته،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی يک فلسفه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق")‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> تسلسل <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم...‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعقي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل تحت<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گ<strong>ر</strong>فت...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم.‏ <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يطی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>فتيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد!)‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ حفظ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط خد<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>م.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تحقيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ر</strong>يشه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ب</strong>کشيد،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />

علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ دقيق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

۵٩<br />

C<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه خ<strong>و</strong>د مهي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

Der englische Philosoph Fraser, ein Idealist und berkeleyaner, der Berkeleys Werke<br />

herausgegeben und mit eigenen Anmerkungen versehen hat, bezeichnet die Lehre<br />

Berkeleys nicht umsonst als "natürlichen Realismus" S.20 P2)<br />

-B<br />

, da sie in der tat Berkelys Absicht zum Ausdruck bringt, Realismus vorzutäuschen.<br />

-C<br />

(١١٧<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت قصد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ش ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ک ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(ص

<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ[‏<br />

20 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

.<br />

[<br />

A<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی قي<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> جهت ‏"صلح <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می د،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کشف <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>.‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف<br />

‏"سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> يک چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دست<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ر</strong>شک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خلسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م گشته:‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ مشخص شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ که تحت تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> علتی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ر</strong>کت میج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کلی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>،‏ جز <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"‏<br />

مطلع گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که<br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ‏"دع<strong>و</strong>ی تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط علته<strong>ا</strong>ی جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

(۶۶<br />

١٨٧١<br />

(١٩٠<br />

(۶۵<br />

‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ۶۶)<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله عليت د<strong>و</strong> خط فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ يک ‏"دع<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط علته<strong>ا</strong>ی جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏[<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> متعلق <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏"که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک چيز غي<strong>ر</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>ل"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>قی شده،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م علت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت"‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(مهي<strong>ا</strong> شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط خد<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>هش<br />

میدهد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>و</strong>تی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستمی ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>می که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم شک<strong>ا</strong>فت.‏<br />

[<br />

B<br />

- A ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گلی <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم کلی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

Berkeleys "Lieblingstheorie", Sagt A. Fraser, ist die Theorie des "universellen<br />

natürlichen Symbolismus" S.21 P2<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

-B<br />

Und es ist Klar, daß... "Lehre von der Materie" S.22 P.2<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 21<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد متذک<strong>ر</strong> شد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ میک<strong>و</strong>شد مل<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>"ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>م ش<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

حس د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ سست،‏ ضعيف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>م که م)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حک<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م)‏ <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ب</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی قد<strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>قلت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشخصت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش میک<strong>و</strong>شد<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک هم زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم؟<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ميز کليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong> میکشيد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میچشيد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شيد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست شکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک هم زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)...‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش...‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> جمعی چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز،‏<br />

معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز عمل يک <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

محص<strong>و</strong>ل يک علت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تميز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعیت<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی،‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ‏"سه گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هيل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> فيل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س"‏ (١٧١٣)، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که میک<strong>و</strong>شد<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکل ع<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>صی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شم<strong>ا</strong> ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهيم قد<strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> هستی<strong>ا</strong>ی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هستی قد<strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيد م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<br />

چه ‏(میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>م شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد چه)‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت س<strong>و</strong>م..."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٣٣۵)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لُ<strong>ب</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت س<strong>و</strong>م"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق تعميم <strong>ب</strong>خشيم.‏<br />

٣۶<br />

(٨۴<br />

–<br />

–

22 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"خط<strong>و</strong>ط"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>زديک میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>و</strong>صيف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ"‏ تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهت<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />

می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد،‏ که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>کي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ‏(کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ف<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>له خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ‏"شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی"‏<br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> عميق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏(قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد)‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔمل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل<br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يته<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط ‏(که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هي<strong>و</strong>م هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تحقيقی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ -، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

فلسفه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه يک غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه ي<strong>ا</strong> تعص<strong>ب</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ق محس<strong>و</strong>س ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> معد<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ديم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مید<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

حتی مخل<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تحت سلطه عقيده مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده کلی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد که ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

هيچ گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه گ<strong>ر</strong>دد مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مدخل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ميزی که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

–<br />

١٥<br />

١٦<br />

١٧ A<br />

–<br />

–<br />

, Neue Zeit XI.JG.,Bd.I<br />

١٧<br />

(١١) "Über historischen Materialismus"<br />

-<br />

١ صفحه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ ١٩٠٨، صفحه ١۶٧)<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ١٨، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ‏(س<strong>ن</strong><br />

دقيق <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

A

ص(‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 23<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>يم،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ميز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی،‏ که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ هيچ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی جز تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خت"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>حثی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مغ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد)،‏ س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> گشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی خ<strong>و</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خيز<strong>ن</strong>د؟...‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه؛ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ س<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چيزی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

متحمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه صحت يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت صحت<br />

ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ ‏(زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی يک<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

هستی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز صف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش قسمت ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><br />

شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت"):‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>د تش<strong>ر</strong>يح <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يکس<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت ي<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه هي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ف.‏ <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز خطی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که ذيل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تذک<strong>ر</strong> میدهد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت متعدد"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه"‏<br />

ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی،‏ که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> صحيح ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مقدم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت خل<strong>ا</strong>ق ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>لی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م).‏ هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong>مز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ی گل س<strong>ر</strong>خ،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ يک گل س<strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ب</strong>خشد،‏ که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی حل شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ق<strong>ر</strong>مز،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ی گل س<strong>ر</strong>خ،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

B<br />

،٢<br />

(gleicher Art)<br />

۴<br />

٢٨١<br />

C<br />

–<br />

–<br />

A<br />

(١٨٧٨<br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ "<br />

، ١٨٨٢ جلد – ٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶- - ١٢۴<br />

- A<br />

- B<br />

C<br />

دي<strong>و</strong>يد هي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ‏"تحقيقی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی هي<strong>و</strong>م".‏ ‏"گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ت<strong>و</strong>سط چ.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ف.‏ <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٨٧٨،<br />

مقدمه صفحهx<br />

ت-‏ ‏.ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی،‏ ‏"هي<strong>و</strong>م"،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

– ١٨٧٩ صفحه ٧۴

؛)‏<br />

24 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

٨٢<br />

چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د".‏ هي<strong>و</strong>م ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی"‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(ص ‏"مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ فيخته<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

يک ‏"عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> حتی يک سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ‏"يک چيز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ليد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ميش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ عقيده<strong>ا</strong>يست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ديد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>ة<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هيچ چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستم غ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ سيستمی که،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عقل <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ مشکلت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ستيزيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

همه."‏ ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong>يست)،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

م)‏ ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ستخ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>"،‏ ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏<br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> م)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شستیه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>تی هستيم که<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز شستیه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعددی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ر</strong>خ میدهد."‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> غذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> يک تخم م<strong>ر</strong>غ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>و</strong> کليه<br />

مع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تخم م<strong>ر</strong>غ چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>طفه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت چيست؟ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طفه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>يع <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ر</strong>سد؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت.‏ <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت..."‏ حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز تخم د<strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میدهد.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> مقلد س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong>چهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ن</strong>ديد،‏ <strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز يک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست عقل سليم <strong>و</strong><br />

ذک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی گفت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد که ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی معي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

(Fichtean)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

A<br />

–<br />

- A<br />

ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ديت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓسهذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏<br />

١٨٧۵، جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

– صفحه ٣٠۴

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مقدمه 25<br />

-<br />

–<br />

ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ حي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ع<strong>ا</strong>طفه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد،‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی مخفی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تخم م<strong>ر</strong>غ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شغ<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ديست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

خلق شده که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقل سليم مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت<br />

عم<strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز کيفيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت هيچ<br />

چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جسم،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جسم <strong>ب</strong>ه جسمی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی؟"‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ کيفيت س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ تقسيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> تقسيم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی."‏ ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>:"مهمل،‏ مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>لهی!‏ چی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د تقسيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>صف يک جسم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ هيچ <strong>ن</strong>صف ک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...‏ يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>و</strong> خصيصه مشتق <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مشتق میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تعيي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی.‏ م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی علتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد <strong>ب</strong>ه علتی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل حتی<br />

مشکلت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که يکیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ده."‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت:‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong> چه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م؟"‏ ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>:‏ ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ دستی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>شت.‏ يک سه<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>و</strong>شت س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ، <strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>سيقيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>و</strong>شت س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک م<strong>ب</strong>دأ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>صد يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ دل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت:‏ ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی صد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه<br />

ميک<strong>ن</strong>د؟"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓلتی که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشيده شده،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>خته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز يک صد<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د؛ که س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />

مُد<strong>ر</strong>ِک <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میطل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زخم میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه <strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که قد<strong>ر</strong>ت سيستم م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز دقت ک<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشکل تف<strong>و</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عليه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک لحظه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

–<br />

-<br />

ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>:‏ "...

26 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

A<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong>ک تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>می هم<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی گيتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحقيق مختص<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مج<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گی گيتی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه تحليل ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سيم.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ حتی يک<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>هم<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ضع د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>شيده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ "... <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سم،‏ کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>تی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د)‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که <strong>ا</strong>ز حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> کل ‏(؟)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>سقف فلسفه چي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ تحليلگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی هيچ مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقيد <strong>ب</strong>ه دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ‏"تحليلگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> خطی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خطه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی کشيد.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی متحي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میدهد،‏ میک<strong>و</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دلد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی دهد:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديکی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(ص د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓميخت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />

فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ چه ‏"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يتی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که تم<strong>ا</strong>می عقل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد میدهد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏<br />

١۵٠<br />

.(١۴٩<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

١٧۶٩<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> - A<br />

– جلد – ٢ صفحه - ١٨ ١١۴

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 27<br />

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<br />

<br />

١- <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />

-١<br />

-٢<br />

-٣<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غلط گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>عد م<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٢ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong>ظيفه علم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی)‏<br />

کشف ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه،‏ شيئ ، خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

A<br />

– <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏<br />

١٨٨٣<br />

١٨٧١<br />

١۵<br />

-<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"،‏ يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هميک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مجمع علمی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ ،١٨٧٢ صفحه - ۵٨ ۵٧<br />

A

28<br />

ف-‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم)‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زده س<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏"تفک<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف،‏ که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> میگفتيم<br />

تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>)‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> عکسه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ‏"فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته شده،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>زم میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>و</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ "... <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>..."‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>خش فلسفی که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کس<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خلق ي<strong>ا</strong> مشتق ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز تحقيق <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مشتق شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد،‏ <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس همه ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>حم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقتی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ عکس ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />

B<br />

A<br />

–<br />

–<br />

١٨<br />

(٢١<br />

–<br />

- A<br />

۴٧٣<br />

. B<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک،‏ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"،‏<br />

٣<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> عمل"،‏ ۵٠ <strong>ا</strong>ٓفل<strong>ا</strong>گ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،‏<br />

، <strong>ا</strong>ٓفل<strong>ا</strong>گ،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>زيگ،‏<br />

١٨٩٧، صفحه<br />

١٩٠۴ صفحه ۶

یه<strong>ا</strong><br />

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 29<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط سي<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم؟ خط <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ خط د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هيچ طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> سفسطه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏(که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د)‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حي<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی گفت ‏"مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديت س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏[ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کتم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيم،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>تلي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>سکي<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩٠٧):<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong> يک جسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> لمس ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ يک تح<strong>ر</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ست میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>ئی،‏<br />

يک هسته د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که،‏ <strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط،‏ تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>خد<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دت میدهيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که<br />

همه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز هستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست-‏ م)‏ مستقل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم..."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٠)<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ا</strong>دت میده<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ا</strong>دت"،‏<br />

[<br />

A<br />

S<br />

S<br />

-A<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م سلسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

Mögen Mach, Avenarius, Petzoldt und Co. Diesen Solipsismus noch so sehr<br />

verleugnen, sie können ihn tatsächlich nicht abstreifen, ohne zu<br />

himmelschreienden logischen Absurditäten zu gelangen. S. 33<br />

-B<br />

١٩٠٧<br />

Hier ein Muster aus der "Analyse der Empfindungen" (russische Übersetzung von<br />

Kotljar, Verl. Skirmunt, Moskau 1907): S. 33<br />

S<br />

.<br />

[<br />

B<br />

S<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏(تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>م):‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>تلي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سکي<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>

[<br />

A<br />

–<br />

..."]<br />

..."<br />

30<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(ع<strong>ا</strong>دتی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می علم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کس<strong>ب</strong> شده!)،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هستهه<strong>ا</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>م محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong>ی مج<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی قديمی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"مضم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س"‏ يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

يک م<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مج<strong>ر</strong>د ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مشخص<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده،‏ ‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ی م)‏ مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مج<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيز م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مضم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه هيچ چيزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ‏"فلسفی"،‏ يک مشغ<strong>و</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong>!‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هستیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجتً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً"‏ <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

د<strong>و</strong>دل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>و</strong>دل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>يد."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ششم ‏"مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت ضد مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی محض <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>يده ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ لغت ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>و</strong>دلی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> متهم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏<br />

ل<strong>و</strong> میدهد.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض که س<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><br />

مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ن</strong>ش متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک س<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعً<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>دم ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ر</strong>دم ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له ‏"هستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ کسی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>دلی س<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> تهی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلفش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ "...<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هستهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د مح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مج<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

-A<br />

ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

"...Hiermit verlieren aber diese Kerne den ganzen sinnlichen Inhalt, werden zu bloßen<br />

Gedankensymbolen..." S.34 P.4

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 31<br />

١١<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ست يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>دلی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش فصل <strong>ا</strong>ز ۶<br />

‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> شخص<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مغز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩٧)<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لی!‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه؟ <strong>ب</strong>له،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میشد!‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ همي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض"‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"هستهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد<strong>ن</strong>د؟ گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل عمل <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ مغز يک جسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه،‏ مغز <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يستم مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>م.‏ يک فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دل م<strong>ا</strong>ده مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دل م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم خ<strong>ا</strong>ص،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مخل<strong>و</strong>ط می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ ‏(غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک)‏ حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س چيزی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ م<strong>ا</strong>خ تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"مسئله <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی همه ج<strong>ا</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم..."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی همه ج<strong>ا</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک)‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم...‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متشکل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏(می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی<br />

–<br />

–<br />

"(originell)<br />

–<br />

-<br />

–

<strong>ر</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><br />

[<br />

A<br />

32<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)..."‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"!‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏("مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی همه ج<strong>ا</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>")‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيزد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

که ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جمع شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ‏"حل"‏ میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک گست<strong>ر</strong>ش میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د)‏ حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص حل <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ هيچ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تشکيل<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم،‏ <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> شکل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده<strong>ا</strong>ش ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک)‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ شخص ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حدس <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>لم مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی لل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده،‏ <strong>و</strong> علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

معي<strong>ن</strong>ی شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فته هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏[د<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ مخد<strong>و</strong>ش<br />

شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>دم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح ‏(<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشفی<br />

جديد میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ ي<strong>ا</strong> يک قدم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع هست که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شده،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>و</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong>يچی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

Zweitens aber wird die Grundthese, dass nämlich die Körper Empfindungs-komplexe<br />

Seien, durch die Voraussetzung der Existenz anderer lebender Wesen und überhaupt<br />

anderer "Komplexe", außer dem gegebenen großen Ich, verletzt. S.37 P2

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 33<br />

ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز حل <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم،‏ که يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تي<strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لغت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حيله <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته م<strong>ا</strong>خ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که هيچ مشکلی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

خدمت <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز علم<strong>ا</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی کلمه،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دقيق صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که د<strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی<br />

مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جديد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه شف<strong>ا</strong>فيتی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ هيچ مشکلی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ب</strong>له!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>و</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تقديم میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ليغ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد"‏ مگ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ص<strong>ر</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"دشم<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شتق<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

تشکيل <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تشکيل<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>يل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ب</strong>تذل"،‏ <strong>و</strong>گت،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خذ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>له ش<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د که مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>شخ میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که جگ<strong>ر</strong> صف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ که<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ،‏<br />

ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که کليه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سمی<br />

فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

" ز<strong>ا</strong><br />

–<br />

٢٠٠

34<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ ‏"فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش."‏ ‏("مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق")،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهيم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت)‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />

‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مشخصه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ گفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />

‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شد،‏ ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"کسی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ فلسفه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تحقيق ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهم"‏<br />

١٩<br />

"<br />

– ١ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ،١٩٠۵ صفحه ٩<br />

١٨٩١<br />

.(٢٨٨<br />

(Der menschliche Weltbegriff, 1891, Vorwort, S.ix)<br />

،(٩<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

C<br />

[<br />

B<br />

–<br />

١١۶<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

Empiriomonism خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

۶۵<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

١٠<br />

٢٠A<br />

‏("د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ ١٨٩١، مقدمه،‏ صفحه ‏"ليک<strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی،‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ق<strong>ب</strong>لی خ<strong>و</strong>د شک ک<strong>ن</strong>م"‏ صفحه‎١٠‎‏).‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مقدمه"‏ يک ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"[<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی س<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏(‘ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>‛)–‏ کل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مقدمه"‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يم،‏<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد.‏<br />

‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی؛ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست).‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حس <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه <strong>ن</strong>میف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيد،‏ ‏"ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که هيچ ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏<br />

٢٠<br />

ف-‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د کل<strong>ا</strong> مسح<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی<br />

Revue neo-scolastique ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٩٠٧ صفحه ۵١<br />

. A<br />

١٨٧۶ (Präliminarschrift)<br />

–<br />

-B<br />

(Ganz im Banne)<br />

–<br />

"Avenarius in seiner Jugend - Und insbesondere noch in seiner Präliminar-schrift<br />

(,Das kleinste Kraftmaß,)" (1876)" – ganz im Banne des sogenannten<br />

erkenntnistheoretischen Idealismus war" S.40 P.1<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

C- <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ ‏("عليه خ<strong>ر</strong>د مکت<strong>ب</strong>.‏ <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه")،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ ١٩٠۵. صفحه ١٧٠<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 35<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ی مغز دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی مکث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک شخص<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>دی جدی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مشکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٩ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ که عمل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ محتمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت تشکيل شده که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع معي<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ‏(مغز)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ ‏(تهييج)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> – ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ض،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کليه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل،‏ دليل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

عمل خل<strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هيچ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی م)،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>ده يک عمل خل<strong>ا</strong>قيت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مت<strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی فهم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong><br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليلی <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مزي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ حس<br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> که کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ فهم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دش<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لحظه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

گشته،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشد،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی که ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل<strong>ا</strong>يلی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متجلی <strong>ن</strong>میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>و</strong>يت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متجلی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه حتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل ح<strong>ر</strong>کتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>،‏ که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong>فتيم که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> هم زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ي<strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>و</strong>يت میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد ليک<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>میي<strong>ا</strong>فتيم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong>خ د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> عمد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه چه سفسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />

–<br />

(Naturanschauung)<br />

<strong>و</strong> ٩٠<br />

–<br />

-<br />

..."

–<br />

36<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ش ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>يه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> گذشتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يمه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق علم<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د)،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>صفه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong>صيفی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز سه مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>طف،‏ <strong>و</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزهه<strong>ا</strong>...‏<br />

تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ‏"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مستقيمً<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ <strong>و</strong> کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزه معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد"‏ ‏(ص ٢٢٢)، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست".‏ ‏(ص ٢۴٠) ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تهييج خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>خ میدهد"‏ ‏(ص <strong>و</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی!)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی تهييج خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک شکل،‏ تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

عص<strong>ب</strong>ی دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د ‏(ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی شده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست)،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی عص<strong>ب</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کز،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong>سد."‏ ‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

،١٩٠۵<br />

–<br />

–<br />

A<br />

.(٣٣<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه Subcortical, Ganglial, Cerebro-spinal,<br />

– ١٩٠۵ صفحه (١١٨<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لمی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقيم مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی تهييج خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده <strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ سفسطه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ يک دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديده خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د"‏ ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د م).‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک شکل<br />

کمی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که<strong>ن</strong>،‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز کليه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه سفسطه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

- A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"،‏ س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ ١٨٩٩ صفحه ٢١۶

یه<strong>ا</strong><br />

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 37<br />

[<br />

A<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط فلسفی <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏[م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د."‏ ‏("مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عزم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ عليه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میج<strong>ن</strong>گد ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد)؛ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

چه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مخص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست)،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که هيچ <strong>ا</strong>سم ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>زه"<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> شج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فلسفه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه صد<strong>ا</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>یي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم<br />

ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>صت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong>يژگی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>صلی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏<br />

(P. Duhem)<br />

(٩<br />

!(٣٢۶<br />

D<br />

C<br />

E<br />

B<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

-A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏<br />

Von dem Engländer Karl Pearson saft Mach, daß er sich "mit dessen<br />

erkenntniskritischen Ansichten in allen wesentlichen Punkten in<br />

Übereinstimmung befinde"<br />

،١٩٠٠ صفحه ٣٢۶<br />

- B<br />

–<br />

Erkenntnis und Irrtum مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> Cf<br />

- C<br />

– –<br />

- D<br />

Cf صفحه ۶ <strong>و</strong> ١٠<br />

. E<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

م)،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ص‎۴‎‏.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۵ ‏(يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>-‏ د<strong>و</strong>هم،‏ ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی،‏ م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۶،

38<br />

A<br />

‎٢‎‏-"[کشف ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ]"<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق تکميل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد حق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong>ش گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دگی قل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فع.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>و</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د"؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>هل ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

يک عقيده خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ديديم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مقدمه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د ته<strong>ن</strong>يت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

عق<strong>ا</strong>يد ‏"<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک"‏<br />

‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>م علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> معم<strong>و</strong> ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏(عص<strong>ب</strong>)‏ يک مسئله<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(شعله)‏ يک مسئله فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی.‏ هيچ يک جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قت<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز يکی چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيم.‏ حتی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً"‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />

فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم:‏ ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که...‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏‛<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>‘،‏ ‏‛ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>‘،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏‛ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>‘،‏ ‏‛ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>‘‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ت<strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که جسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم")‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ت<strong>ب</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />

<strong>و</strong> ١٧). ‏"يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏(س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong><br />

–<br />

٢٢<br />

٢١ B<br />

N<br />

A<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

١٨٨٣<br />

.(۴٩٨<br />

١٨٧٢<br />

Sehr Verwandte<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی(‏Vorbilden (Nachbilden und<br />

B<br />

<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> M, L, K<br />

٢٣<br />

"<br />

A , B, C<br />

A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ کشف جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک د<strong>ب</strong>لي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong><br />

S.44 "Die Entdeckung der Weltelemente"<br />

– ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> -A<br />

- B<br />

– ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

Geburtstag) Die Entdeckung der Weltelemente (Zu E. Macks 70 21<br />

Kampf ،١٩٠٨ Der شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ١۵<br />

( – ٢٢<br />

،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ١٠<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> هفت<strong>ا</strong>دمي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>لگ<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>لد م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست"‏<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏(کشف جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏(ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه)‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شده د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل)‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 39<br />

(M, L, K<br />

-١<br />

-٢<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه ‏(ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٢۴).<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف،ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز:‏<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

٣- ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه هم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،‏<br />

‏"يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ صحيح <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏(که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زيد؛ مز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زيد،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد!‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> حتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>کيه م<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ‏"يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>يد!‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

شع<strong>ا</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه،‏ حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ط<strong>و</strong>لی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت معي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

–<br />

A<br />

B<br />

-۴<br />

-۵<br />

-۶<br />

- A<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهيم <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏<br />

‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٢٨ (٢٧<br />

-B<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کل<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تقليل میدهد"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٢١)

40<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه مغز،‏ عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>شکل <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.‏ ‏[م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

مخفي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه،‏<br />

عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که جسم مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت<br />

حقه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ يک سفسطه مفل<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد:‏ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ چيست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع يک کلمه ت<strong>ا</strong>زه کلک خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که کليه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فلسفه شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده<br />

میک<strong>و</strong>شيد ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>قه يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی"ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيد:‏ ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مطلقً<strong>ا</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>زه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيچه تهی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>و</strong>.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>يچ ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ميک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت م)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ شخص می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />

[<br />

:<br />

A<br />

–<br />

C<br />

–<br />

–<br />

B<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مخفي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه،‏ عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که جسم مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد.‏<br />

Mach und Avenarius schmuggeln den Materialismus heimlich ein durch das<br />

Wörtchen "Elemente", das angeblich ihre Theorie von der "Einseitigkeit" des<br />

subjektiven Idealismus befreit, das angeblich die Annahme zuläßt , daß das<br />

Psychische von der Netzhaut, den Nerven usw. abhängt, daß das Physische<br />

vom menschlichen Organismus unabhängig ist. S.47 P1<br />

، ١٩٠٠ صفحه ،١١٣<br />

-<br />

B<br />

C<br />

ژ<strong>و</strong>زف <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ ‏"مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت (Wahrnehmungen) س<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ ‏"فلسفه علمی"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ مدُ‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی:‏ چيست؟ س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

،١٨٩١<br />

٢٢٩<br />

-<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢۴٣

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 41<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏ُ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژِی <strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک ت<strong>و</strong>هم دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش ميدهد!‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ت<strong>و</strong>هم ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لتِ‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط که:‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی تلقی ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> کمک میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک سفسطه غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>قی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ‏"<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ن</strong>يم مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سط<br />

دهيم؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز معم<strong>و</strong>ل عمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه،‏ مغز<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong>يز،‏ طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

‏"م<strong>و</strong>ضع گي<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ عليه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ا</strong>دقيد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س)‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ شم<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه کل<strong>ا</strong>می تهی <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />

عمل يک شيئ فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ش ‏(<strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت،‏ مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>)،‏ ‏"ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ جست.‏ ‏[<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهمی"‏ (anschauliche)<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong> قسمت چشمگي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ميدهد،‏<br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه،‏ شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> جسمی – خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏("تحليل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> ‏"کشف<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>ا</strong>ئق می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد!‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />

) ز<strong>ا</strong><br />

[<br />

B<br />

-<br />

٢٣A<br />

‏(جلد ١٨ صفحه ۴١٠)<br />

(٢٣<br />

-I<br />

-II<br />

. A <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ، <strong>ر</strong>-‏<br />

"Bemerkungen zum Begriff des Gegenstandes der Psychologie," Vierteljahrschrift<br />

für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, Bd. XVIII (1894) und Bd. XIX (1895) 23<br />

١٨ صفحه (۴١٠<br />

-B<br />

قسمت عمده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏<br />

Der Verfasser gibt hier unter anderem eine außerordentlich "anschauliche" Tabelle<br />

(S. 410 des XVIII. Bandes), deren Hauptteil wir hier wiedergeben:<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> يک جد<strong>و</strong>ل خيلی<br />

‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فيک"‏ ‏(جلد<br />

میدهد،‏ که

42<br />

<strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د که ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ چيزی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه،‏ هم فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ س<strong>پ</strong>س<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تصحيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد:‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تفکيک خ<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏(<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>)‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> ‏(ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز)‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"کشف ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث عليه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلی فلسفی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />

خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"جسمی،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏‛<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم".‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که يک م<strong>ر</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک معتقد <strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

يک چيز"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong>!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک چيز"‏ که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

حقيقت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>هميت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی خص<strong>و</strong>صی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د).‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شد که<br />

‏(م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong> م)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ س<strong>ا</strong>خت که چه<br />

چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

جد<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ب</strong>خشيد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د مهم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ مهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی محک<strong>و</strong>م س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ که مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ يک حس <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی<br />

هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده،‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی"‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‏‛تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏ ‏(مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی يک حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؟"‏<br />

–<br />

A<br />

،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١٢<br />

(٩٠<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

، ي<strong>ا</strong> –<br />

،١٩٠۶ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ..."<br />

-<br />

١٨٩٩<br />

–<br />

– چيزی<br />

–<br />

٢٠): ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

- A<br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ صفحه ٢١١۶،<br />

Cf<br />

، <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذگ<strong>ر</strong>

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 43<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع حقيقی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ختیه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> يکی<br />

شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>قتی ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

فيزيکی،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده)‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

محض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک سفسطه که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جسم مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ حجت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>:‏ م<strong>ن</strong> فقط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میک<strong>ن</strong>م<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مقدمه"‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش ‎۵۶‎‏)؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏["م<strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

جهت مطمئ<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>زج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش ۵۵)، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ يک حقه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک حقيقتی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میشد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>يش،‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏"علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مهم،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيد،‏ چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کمک ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>جهد ‏(ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>يش چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لت سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی شخص خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل می<strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>صيف<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٨)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ مستقل ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ يک<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع،‏ دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيد که م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

،٩٣ صفحه :<br />

٩١، صفحه<br />

١٨٩٩<br />

[<br />

A<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ‏(که گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی میدهد که ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong>ک هستيم")‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يقي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>يت"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی م)‏<br />

–<br />

"wir erfahren uns selbst als empfindende Substanzen, in welcher Erfahrung die<br />

Empfindung allerdings sicherer gegeben ist als die Substanzialität

–<br />

٩٠)<br />

44<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> همه<br />

‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> کشف شده <strong>و</strong> مهمل<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>قيه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی)‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کشف ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>صلی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز عم<strong>و</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گشته که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"مقدمه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق"‏ ١٨٨٩) ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تغيي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دهد.‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی صحيح د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>م،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ن</strong>د کشيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

که گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مقدمه"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق"‏ فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته مستقل<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شد،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د"‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد،‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم"،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه،‏<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>)‏ مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست میگفت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدت میدهد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل"‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش)‏<br />

مطلق،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش مطلق،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهمد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

–<br />

(١٨٩١)<br />

A<br />

(١٨٧۶)<br />

–<br />

- A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد،‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠۵، صفحه ۶۶

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 45<br />

(Wundt)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> عقيده <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>.‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه علمیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

شکل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت تع<strong>ر</strong>يفش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.)‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ چيزی که حتی ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>"ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه کت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ل عل<strong>ا</strong>قه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف هميشه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشه<br />

مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏(محتمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه")...‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم متهم<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م)‏ که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سمی <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>له ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی ‏(متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز ٣٠٠ صفحه)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تحليل مفصلی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>د؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />

ديد،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد،‏ عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />

صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ن</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيدگی ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل عظيم<br />

–<br />

٢٤ B<br />

٢٥<br />

–<br />

A<br />

–<br />

.<br />

<strong>پ</strong>-‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ.‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی"،‏ س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت.‏ ‏("د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی")‏<br />

مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی<br />

١٩٠٨ صفحه ١۵<br />

"Über naiven und kritischen Realismus"<br />

جلد ١٣ صفحه ٣٣۴<br />

٢۴<br />

-<br />

A<br />

B

46<br />

می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ‏‛تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه‘‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

(Die empiriokritische in Übereinstimmung mit der immanenten<br />

Philosophie annimmt. 26 Seite 382<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ‏"مخل<strong>و</strong>طی"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه<br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> متشکله مختلف ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏<br />

(Bunte Mischung ۵٧<br />

an sich einander vollig heterogen sind<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(seite 56<br />

–<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی مستقل"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش شله قلم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"سيستم<br />

C" ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شش<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓمد مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه<br />

۶۴)، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د که غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"مستقل"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏(<strong>و</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د)،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س عقيده کلی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط<strong>و</strong>ط گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه،‏ تعديل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

چيزی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong>يچی <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م فلسفه ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج م<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متحد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"س<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی"<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس محق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تحقي<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

٢٧<br />

‏"سيستم C"<br />

A<br />

(٣٧<br />

-<br />

مقدمه ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٨٨٨، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ا</strong>هل مفل<strong>و</strong>کی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت."‏ ‏(ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه چيز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>کت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ت محتمل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که فصل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ‏"علمی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت.‏<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

A

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 47<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

(٨<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ديديم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شته که ‏"هيچ مشکلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ر</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ئی مح<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ صفحه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ز U ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م،‏ جسم فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ۴). ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت محض خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(مثل<br />

ق<strong>ب</strong>ل).‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>جز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓتش <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏"که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"!‏ يک فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش!‏<br />

يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:‏ ‏"يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل،‏ يک م<strong>ا</strong>يع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل،‏ يک جسم ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تخيل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی دل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سهل<br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

۴١٨، <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

(Umgrenzung<br />

٣٢٣، <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

(rein erhalten)<br />

U<br />

٢٨<br />

...<br />

(Abweichung)<br />

(٩<br />

(٣٠<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف چی <strong>ا</strong>ز چی؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی<br />

‏(تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> چه هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق چيست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل متعدد فيزيک می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ک،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> کل ذخي<strong>ر</strong>ه عقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی که،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،‏ تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی"‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ خط<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>می علمی که <strong>ب</strong>ه دست م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ <strong>ن</strong>شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی ع<strong>ا</strong>مل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس،‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>و</strong>ضع فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"مخل<strong>و</strong>طی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>همگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>همگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ؛ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

.<br />

A<br />

Nichtunterscheidung<br />

- A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی قيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ ١٩٠٣ صفحه ٢١٩

–<br />

48<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏َت ‏َ<strong>و</strong> ‏ُهم م<strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ا</strong>ز علم<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ که عقيده<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>فهمد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ش ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع دهد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong>هم،‏ مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>م س<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong>خيد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سمی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکست<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ ژ.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

ف.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خشمی متک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د م)‏ فک<strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه چه؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مقدمه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>لحق مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه ک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>قد<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يز مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ع<strong>ا</strong>لی!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>شت فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ کسی که ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه)‏ قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />

س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،"‏ که ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏‛مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه طل<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘،‏ مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش فک<strong>ر</strong>ی!‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ گفت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> م)‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

C<br />

A<br />

...<br />

"<br />

B<br />

-<br />

(Unterschiebung)<br />

A - Eduard von Hrtmann, Die Weltanschauung der modernen Physik (The world<br />

Qutlook of Modern Physics), Leipsig, 1902, S. 219.<br />

–<br />

- B<br />

- C<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ١، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه ٢١<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٩٣

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 49<br />

Yaresoxyv<br />

A<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

يک ج<strong>و</strong> حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد مص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ متممی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>صلیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>و</strong>ده شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تسليم <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی – جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ا</strong>هی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

–<br />

–<br />

‎٣‎‏-هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>و</strong>می دي<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ، تش<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مجله ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>).‏ هسته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه تز<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"،‏<br />

‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> (unauflosliche) ‏(<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل)‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی ‏"شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جز خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> محيط م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ضع ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محيط محيط <strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه دهد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه<br />

يک ‏‛محيط‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی،‏ <strong>و</strong> محيط ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی غي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>ا</strong>م که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> محيط،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

مد<strong>ا</strong>فع ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

immer ein Zusammen-) "<br />

(des Vorgefundene)<br />

" ‏(صفحه .(١۴۶<br />

.(٣٩<br />

B<br />

،١٨٩۴ صفحه ١٣٧<br />

(ohne ein Ich)<br />

(des Vorgfundene)<br />

.(١۴۶<br />

(vorgefundenes<br />

- A ف<strong>ر</strong>.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت")‏<br />

"Der Empiriokritizismus, zugleich eine Erwiderung auf W. Wundts Aufsätze"<br />

Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche, jahrg. 22 (1898), S. 73 und 213<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه B-<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />

Der<strong>ب</strong>خش.‏ff‏)‏ menschliche Weltbegriff, 2. Auflage, 1905, S. 83-84, 148)<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع

ت(‏<br />

50<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چه چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که تصميم <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چه کسی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قطه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست گفت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ش:‏<br />

‏"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده:‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فلسفه معم<strong>و</strong>لی)‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏<br />

فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف:‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>ی...‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س عقل<br />

سليم <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عملی...‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ دهی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> همزم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>؟...‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>م.‏<br />

فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف:‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز قل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>جهی،‏ <strong>و</strong> هيچ چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>ی مگ<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ز فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ شيئ،‏ شيئ <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>:‏ ي<strong>ا</strong>،‏ دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی – عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کل هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد!‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ئی يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>دهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏"فلسفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>تلي<strong>ب</strong> فيشته<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چيزی جز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<strong>و</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی دست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />

مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی تهی فيشته گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی شده.‏ فيشته <strong>ن</strong>يز خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د"،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"محيط"،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>سست؛ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>جهد،‏ حل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م.‏ شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

١٨٠١<br />

١٧١٠، ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

–<br />

،(Johann Gottlieb Fichte)<br />

A- Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Sonnenklarer Bericht an das grossere Publikum über das<br />

eigentliche Wese der neuesten Philosophie. Ein Versuch die Leser zum Verstehen<br />

zu zwingen (A Clear Account tot he Broad Public oft he True Nature of Recent<br />

Philosophy. An Attempt to Get the Reader to Unterstand), Berlin, 1801, S. 178-<br />

80<br />

A

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 51<br />

١٨٩۴ –<br />

١٨٩١<br />

١٨٠١<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع،‏<br />

فيشته د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی Vis خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ جز خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده ‏(خلق گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست)؛ شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong>ل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی شده.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ که يقي<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

حقي<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> شخص س<strong>ا</strong>لمی که س<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محيط،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه)‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ ز<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ سخت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ همي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> محيط مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که مص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>و</strong>می مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

عمد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ محص<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً.‏ متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم متهم گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

که حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ که عقيده<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ فهميده <strong>ن</strong>شد،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ا</strong>مل يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده ي<strong>ا</strong> چيز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>تزع <strong>ا</strong>ست".‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز<strong>ا</strong>عی فقط <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ميک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>شده تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> صفحه زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک،‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد.‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت قل<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د که فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"تغيي<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

-<br />

–<br />

(Hinzudenken)<br />

.(٣٨٢<br />

–<br />

–<br />

" کي<br />

(hervorgeht)<br />

ً

A<br />

"]<br />

52<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهيم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می ‏"محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عميقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی"،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />

فيشتهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل ‏"فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی مستقيمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میس<strong>ا</strong>زد:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> هم عقيده هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه هم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تخيلی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>م که<br />

سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی ع<strong>ا</strong>م ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ييم،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تي<strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>سمی که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ تحليل مي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تک<strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ کشف میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>و</strong>جه س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> حمله عمده خ<strong>و</strong>د عليه ضعف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی)‏ که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مهلک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص م<strong>و</strong>ضع خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میس<strong>ا</strong>زد ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست.‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م)‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد،‏ ‏[زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی تکيه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ن</strong><br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث مهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مطلق <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث چه <strong>ا</strong>هميتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد ‏(ت<strong>و</strong>صيف همه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه محيط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک خ<strong>و</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد)،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که هيچ چيز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

کم<strong>ا</strong>ل مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت معي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که هيچ حس <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

٢٩C<br />

[<br />

B<br />

(oft the self)<br />

Ichto the )<br />

٣٧۵<br />

٣٧٣<br />

–<br />

"<br />

[<br />

D<br />

.(self<br />

- A<br />

٣٨۶ <strong>و</strong> ، ۴٠٧<br />

-B<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

؛ <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش : ‏"فلسفه حل<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه،"‏ صفحه ٣٨١<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏"غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م)‏ متق<strong>ا</strong>عد س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم)،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش مث<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

چه ‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> –<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست.‏<br />

Die meisten Leser von Avenarius ‛Werk Der menschliche Weltbegriff` werden<br />

wahrscheinlich darin übereinstimmen, daß die positiven Resultate desselben, so<br />

überzeugend es auch als Kritik" (des Idealismus) "ist, vollständig illusorisch sind.<br />

S.63<br />

٢٩<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> ، XV ١٩٠۶ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٢٨ ٢٧<br />

- C<br />

-D<br />

Die letztere Bedeutung wird dann betont, wenn von der Natur des Ich (oft the self)<br />

die Rede ist. S. 63<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت،‏ ‏"فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س"‏<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 53<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی کم <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>ست يک تکميل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تکميل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،تکميل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ه<strong>ر</strong> گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جهی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک شکل حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong>ک حسی،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه عتيق <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میکشد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د مجدد <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>و</strong> عميق <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مجدد م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ختهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست که ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فيشته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشحص می<strong>ر</strong>سيم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که مح<strong>و</strong><br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مد<strong>ر</strong>کی.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل<br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> دقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت،‏ يک مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م)‏ ، <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد گفت ، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏<br />

تخيلی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ حقيقت مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> حق شم<strong>ا</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م.‏ ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ن</strong>...‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص شم<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ vortrefflich) (vertragt sich<br />

‏(صفحه ٣٨۴). ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت فقط خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست Ich) ،Das خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی مج<strong>ر</strong>د فيشته<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز).‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت ‏(صفحه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong>شتيد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد"‏ <strong>و</strong> مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د کد<strong>ا</strong>م يک س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>سميت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مستقيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<br />

<strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>پ</strong>يت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

(das Ich)<br />

–<br />

‏(صفحه ٢٩)<br />

A<br />

٣٠<br />

" جت<br />

:(٣٨٨<br />

–<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />

Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche<br />

Philosophie جلد ،١٨٩٣ XVII صفحه<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٨٨ ٣۶۴<br />

-A

<strong>ر</strong>-‏<br />

‘<br />

54<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میست<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />

يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کلمه<br />

‏‛<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تخته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست میگفت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق هگل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"غي<strong>ر</strong>يت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عط<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز شده<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صه د<strong>ر</strong> جهت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۵٧<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>د ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> که تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>يی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ ‏(صفحه ٣۴)<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> مشخصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> همه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>صتی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> فضل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذشت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> هم می<strong>ر</strong>يزد <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد.‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عط<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م؛ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فيزيکی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>،‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلتيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ف<strong>ا</strong>ضل م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشيد،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه قصد مط<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه<br />

میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ش<strong>ب</strong>ههه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخت.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد عم<strong>و</strong>می که<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جزم،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست چيزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

(transzendental)<br />

A<br />

٣١<br />

–<br />

cum grano salis<br />

(۵۶ –<br />

(ausserpersonliche)<br />

.<br />

<strong>و</strong>يلی صفحه ١٧٠<br />

Gegen die Schulweisheit<br />

A

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 55<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت عملی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ خلق شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>و</strong>حدت ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"،‏ <strong>و</strong>حدت ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> محيط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم کمکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشً<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد ‏(صفحه<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعملی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه،‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خصيصه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د تع<strong>ا</strong>دل"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عقل سليم <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong>دلی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>ميت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏(<strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>!)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> مدلل <strong>ن</strong>میس<strong>ا</strong>زم"‏ ‏(صفحه ١٧٠)<br />

‏[يک <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش!‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong>يلی ‏"فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که سه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد...‏<br />

–<br />

.(١٧١<br />

Grunderfahrung<br />

[<br />

A<br />

۴- <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت؟<br />

ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هيچ<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ب</strong>عدی،‏<br />

مي<strong>و</strong>ه يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏ُم ‏َد<strong>ر</strong>کی،‏ هيچ ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏<br />

هيچ خ<strong>و</strong>دی که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صحه میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يحً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ سه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش ژ.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش!‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهد.‏<br />

Ein Vertvolles Eingeständnis! Einen Ausgleich zwischen Idealismuns und<br />

Materialismus ist der Ä Erfahrung von Avenarius nicht gelungen. S.76 P2

56<br />

محيط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه"‏<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>خل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ ‏[<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>طفه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

محيط ‏("ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه")‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ن</strong>طفه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد،‏ سيستم <strong>ن</strong>طفه<strong>ا</strong>ی C ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ صفحه ١۴٠)، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ حتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م)‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده محيط"‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حفظ<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>مده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی<br />

مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ر</strong>دمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ جدی <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ حتی <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ کسی که<br />

تص<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د دشم<strong>ن</strong> هيچ شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<br />

‏"ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک س<strong>ا</strong>زی ص<strong>و</strong>فی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> صفحه ٣٧٩)<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط گذشته،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد؟ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد گفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت؟ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩۴، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ر</strong>سيد چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که گفت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> مسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حمله <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ يک ملحد<br />

مصمم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ محق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حق،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم م)،‏ هيچ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

[<br />

A<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(elterliche Bestandteile)<br />

(١۴١)<br />

–<br />

(۴<br />

–<br />

١٨٩۶<br />

–<br />

٣٢<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>طفه چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> محيط ‏("ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه")‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ن</strong>طفه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />

Wie steht es zum Beispiel mit der Entwicklung des Menschen aus dem Embryo<br />

Existiert eine Umgebung (= "Gegenglied"), wenn das "Zentralglied" ein Embryo ist<br />

S. 68

ي(‏<br />

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 57<br />

ژ-‏<br />

A<br />

کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>دم،‏ فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏[<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی<br />

علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محق <strong>ن</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حلی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد:‏ ‏"محقق<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد"‏ ع<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>دی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد ‏"زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ع<strong>ا</strong>لم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد)‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>ا</strong>ز زمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ م)‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong>مه شمسی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئلی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.‏<br />

يک شيئ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

عقلی که میک<strong>و</strong>شد شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> شيئ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ژ.ج.‏ فيشته <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م.‏ سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم"‏ ، حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تخيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت سيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ عي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>دم"،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستم جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ن</strong>م.‏ ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فهميده <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>لم مغزی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که هيچ حي<strong>ا</strong>تی،‏ هيچ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی ي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏("<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

–<br />

(١۴۴ [<br />

‛sich hinzuzudenken’<br />

Bemerkungen<br />

-A<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مستحق د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

…Es könnte scheinen", schreibt ebendort Avenarius, "als ob gerade von<br />

empiriokritischem Standpunkte aus die Naturwissenschaft gar nicht ,berechtigt, wäre,<br />

nach Perioden unserer jetzigen Umgebung zu fragen, welche dem Dasein des<br />

Menschen zeitlich vorangehen sollte." S. 69 P2<br />

،Aenesidemus ،١٧٩۴ ز<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ليش د<strong>ر</strong>ک bd. ٌ I صفحه ١٩<br />

B<br />

B<br />

–<br />

–<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏.ج.فيشته،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی،‏ علم

58<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د")‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فيزيکی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ضد<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد"،‏ يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ژ.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ فهميده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ش<strong>ر</strong>م<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏(جلد د<strong>و</strong>م)،‏ يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ‏"مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ که ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قشی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی میک<strong>ن</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏<br />

فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط سه <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>)‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قشی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م)‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز همه چيز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>حی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دهد.)‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفت که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشيم که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محيطی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشيم ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهيم،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ چيزی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

که ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

(146, Anm.<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏<br />

‏"ليک<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مهم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشيم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> حق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه."‏<br />

حق،‏ حق <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ م<strong>ر</strong>دم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> جهتی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ (hindenken) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ج<strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"حتی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د – خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ يک<br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مل<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong>ظيفه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> خصيصه غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی،‏ <strong>و</strong>همی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد.‏<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که سيستم ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مغز)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong><br />

فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد،‏ ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستم يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت)،‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مز<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيک<br />

زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم"،‏ که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

(۶۵<br />

(fruhere)<br />

(das Ich)<br />

(Ich-Bezeichnetes)<br />

V.f. Wiss. Ph., 18. Bd., 1894, s. )<br />

".<br />

٣٣<br />

–<br />

–<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

C<br />

–<br />

١٨٩١<br />

C<br />

–<br />

٩۴<br />

..."<br />

..."<br />

(Sekundärzeit)

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 59<br />

‏"خي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م که زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت که م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم که دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ي<strong>ا</strong> يک دقيقه ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ب</strong>ه حق م<strong>ا</strong> حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong> سيستم Cئی،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ همزيستی<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د؟"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د که کسی که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><br />

مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشد)،‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong> ‏ِد<br />

شخصی که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

زمي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل سک<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم متعدد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>طل<strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه عهده عل<strong>و</strong>م خ<strong>ا</strong>ص خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه ٣٢۵)<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد،‏<br />

ته <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏("<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق شده <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میدهد"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت میدهد.‏ غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>مل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ عدم <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زش د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> ‏(عي<strong>ن</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ‏(ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه عليت ‏(تعيي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد)‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه عليت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ عليت <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد؟ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش ، ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ شي<strong>ا</strong>طي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی ت<strong>و</strong>سط عليت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong>لث<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />

تض<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ حل ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مشکل می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علمی")‏ ط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

–<br />

٣٤<br />

"sich wegdenken‛<br />

(sich hinzuzudenken)<br />

(١٣٠<br />

(Objekt<br />

=<br />

(Subjekt<br />

=<br />

١٨٩۶<br />

–

:<br />

60<br />

A<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذشته تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه<br />

میدهد که م<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong> مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يستيم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ ‏"زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم"‏<br />

حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميتت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ زمي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ يک ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ که <strong>و</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>يف ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>کزی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد!‏ شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ک<strong>و</strong>شيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

زمي<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> کمک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> کل ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

B<br />

<strong>و</strong>يلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت.‏ ک<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دفعه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،‏<br />

‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد"‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>طقی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف ‏(<strong>و</strong>يلی م)‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه عقل سليم <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی که چه <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک!).‏ ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که <strong>ن</strong>ه!‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تکهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،‏<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟...‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يم:‏ همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عشق <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> لحظه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

،(Augenblick لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>دی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

–<br />

ergreife den<br />

)<br />

(Mitmenschen)<br />

-<br />

–<br />

–<br />

C<br />

(٧٣<br />

–<br />

١٩٠۵<br />

۴<br />

!<br />

(١٧٧ – ٨<br />

خ<strong>ب</strong>،‏ ح<strong>ب</strong>!‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>و</strong>قتی مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏<br />

خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم سه غي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ق<br />

ج<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> حف<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه فيشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ ‏[<strong>و</strong>يلی که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز شکست ‏"ک<strong>ر</strong>م"‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

A - Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie Bd. 20 1896, S. 72<br />

gegen die<br />

- B<br />

،(Schulweisheit ،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧٨ ١٧٣<br />

- C<br />

<strong>و</strong>يلی،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

‏["عليه حکمت مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی"]‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏(عليه عقل مکت<strong>ب</strong>.‏<br />

مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:‏

ل"‏<br />

ل"‏<br />

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 61<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هيچ مگ<strong>ر</strong> لحظه<strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong> فهميده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‘‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

٣٥<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تحت <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د Vademecum <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏<br />

‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مخ<strong>و</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>زخ م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی سق<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>يکسه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میشده،‏ تهديد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عص<strong>ر</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مز<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيک م<strong>ن</strong>تقل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که م<strong>و</strong>قع مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عليت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> عقل چه کسی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ عقل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>يکس؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سشه<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی هيچ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>دهد.‏ <strong>و</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

چيزی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>دد"‏ ) ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ صفحه ١١٧)"<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد د<strong>ر</strong>ست ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک قطعه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم میشک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی : ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میدهد که عي<strong>ن</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مدته<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>جه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ تک<strong>ا</strong>مل،‏ حقيقت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهيم:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مهي<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد؟ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم<br />

که حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فس خ<strong>و</strong>د هست<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم؛ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم.‏ ‏’جد<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ شکلی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘.‏ ‏.ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ صفحه چه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

حسی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

[<br />

A<br />

(١١٢<br />

–<br />

C<br />

)<br />

.<br />

–<br />

B<br />

(Gestalt)<br />

:(ausplaudern)<br />

..."<br />

(١١<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز شکست ‏"ک<strong>ر</strong>م"‏ لطمه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>سف<strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی عدم تعهد <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

Willy gab es, nachdem er mit dem "Wurm" Fiasko erlitten hatte, auf und plauderte<br />

unversehens die Wahrheit aus: entweder Materialismus oder Solipsismun oder gar<br />

überhaupt nichts als der gegenwärtige Augenblick. (S.74 p2)<br />

- B<br />

-<br />

C<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی خز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ ش<strong>ب</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>هی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>م زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ميزيسته.‏<br />

قديمیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فسيل ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دمی ط<strong>و</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> مه<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> حد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خز<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏

ئشي<br />

62<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی عملی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مز<strong>و</strong>زئيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه،‏ يک قدم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

هم د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ‏(خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد.‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيم)‏ يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تسليم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ هيچ ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

مز<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ا</strong>يکتي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک ‏"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>د فهميد"‏ ‏(گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

چه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی غي<strong>ر</strong> محتمل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد)،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م)‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

شد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>د.‏ می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> يک مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قه شمشي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد<br />

مسئله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>سيد،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ديد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيد؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ جه<strong>ا</strong>لت هيچ دليل<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

م<strong>و</strong>جهی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏[د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چشمگي<strong>ر</strong> جهل خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مل<strong>ا</strong>مت میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>ست که صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ي<strong>ا</strong> چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>ست گفت،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی گفت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هيچ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم عي<strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غلط <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

م)‏ می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ ‏[<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

–<br />

"<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(Kein Argoment)<br />

١٧١٠<br />

- A<br />

Dann hätten wir in der Tal einen eklatanten Fall äusserster Ignoranz vor uns (S.76)<br />

–<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong>لت مض<strong>ا</strong>عف <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 63<br />

A<br />

<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جدل می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيد خط<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>شش شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه هم <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم زد<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>يستگی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده،‏ ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ عقيده ل.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ‏(ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف؟)،‏ يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هگل <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ دف<strong>ا</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏<br />

هيم<br />

‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ که يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏<br />

يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گ<strong>ر</strong>د)،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong>يدی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع چشم <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی که <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ هد<strong>ا</strong>يت<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز چيزيست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيده<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د gedachte) ،(von der مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی عم ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که سق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که سق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏("تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>")‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏<br />

که ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ <strong>و</strong>لی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> سفسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هيچ چيز ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سفسطه که<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میديدم."‏ ‏("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‘‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />

(absolut unmenschliches Wesen)<br />

(٢٩<br />

[<br />

،(R. Haym)<br />

B<br />

ل-‏<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه کسی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏<br />

Sondern mit jemand anders, mit Marx, Engels, Feuerbach über die Frage des<br />

Materialismus und der Natur vor dem Auftreten des Menschen auseinandersetzen.<br />

S. 76<br />

. B<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ.‏ مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ١٩٠٣، صفحه ۵١٠، ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ل.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ

64<br />

عص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد)،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د شک<strong>ا</strong>ف فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>م!‏<br />

‏[د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>"مشکلی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ لغتی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>هگذ<strong>ر</strong> همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ديگ <strong>ر</strong>يخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سف<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>همی<br />

چيد که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

عملش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف حظ میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"تحليل عميق"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شکل معم<strong>و</strong>لی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ‏(فقط تفسي<strong>ر</strong>!)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ک<strong>و</strong>دک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی مسح<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> محيطی معي<strong>ن</strong><br />

میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> محيط <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه مع<strong>ر</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی دست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد عکس د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی که هيچ ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>کزی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی يک ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>کیي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گله<strong>ا</strong><br />

س<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست؟<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(!)<br />

(١۴٨<br />

B<br />

–<br />

(Korrelativität)<br />

(!)<br />

–<br />

(!)<br />

(١۴٨<br />

(١۴٨<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–١<br />

(١۴٨<br />

–٢<br />

–٣<br />

–۴<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ميز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مشکلی"‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز کل م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قيمه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شلقلمک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ که<br />

س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د که هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏<br />

Danach kann man die Sachkenntnis bzw. die literarischen Methoden Basarows<br />

beurteilen, der die "Schwierigkeit", mit der sich Avenarius, Petzoldt und Willy<br />

herumschlagen haben, mit keinem Wort erwähnte und dabei alles derart in einem topf<br />

warf und dem Leser ein so unglaubliches Durcheinander auftischte, dass zwischen<br />

Materialismus und Solipsismus überhaupt kein Unterscheid übrigblieb! S.77 P3<br />

-B<br />

يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 65<br />

–۵<br />

‏"معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ مسئله شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته!‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

‏(صفحه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شخص ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

شکلی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده مل<strong>ب</strong>س ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته هيچ م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

(١۴٩<br />

(!)<br />

–<br />

(١۴٨<br />

–۶<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

۵- <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کمک مغز فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که"‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏‛شکلی <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

که ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش دم<strong>ا</strong>غی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‘‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"،‏ صفحه ٢٩<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ش هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />

ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کس ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست که میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

مستقيم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف يک کذ<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> تز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"مغز مسک<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ <strong>و</strong>سيله ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

عض<strong>و</strong>،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>می ي<strong>ا</strong> محمل،‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تحليل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل شده،‏ صفحه ٣٢) ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک س<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يم ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز محص<strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی ‏[عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏<br />

‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت"ه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

(Unwahrheit)<br />

–<br />

،[<br />

A<br />

٧۶<br />

Physiologische Funktion S.79 P3<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی

–<br />

66<br />

A<br />

‏"[تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت [<br />

١١۵ صفحه .(۴١٩<br />

فيزيکی)‏ مغز <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مغز"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ، مغز عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک عمل مغز <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معک<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> حسی<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong>ح زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏ "... جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست،"‏ ‏"شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ممک<strong>ن</strong><br />

يک عض<strong>و</strong> جسمی م<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مغز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ محص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ص<strong>ر</strong>فً<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ۴، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />

م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهگ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏"مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشم<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ يک ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ت علم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س هيچ<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏("د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی صفحه ت<strong>و</strong>همی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> همه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه).‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه جديدی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش مقص<strong>ر</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> مغز،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

‏(ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>و</strong> کلمه"‏ ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ۴۵، صفحه ١۵٣).<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ن</strong> ١۵۴)، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل يک جز<strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده محيط ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه يک جز<strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ‏(ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی)"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

‏(کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی")‏ که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح د<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>).‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده<br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>کزی مخفی میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

يک لغت ت<strong>ا</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>)‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>).‏<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

٣٧<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ) vor<br />

(stofflich)<br />

‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ١١۶)<br />

.(٧٠<br />

.(١٨<br />

(Erzeugnis)<br />

١۵٠<br />

(Annahme –<br />

(Hineinverlegung)<br />

"<br />

(naturlicher Weltbegriff)<br />

–<br />

،(in uns<br />

–<br />

(Im Vorgefundenen<br />

B<br />

٣٦<br />

.(٢٢<br />

amechanical<br />

–<br />

– Latitierendes<br />

،(mir صفحه<br />

College Standard<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> Vorstellungen 79.S P3<br />

،Interojection <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت مد<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<br />

‏(گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

-A<br />

-B<br />

- (Dictionary

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 67<br />

:<br />

٣٨<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>دت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قصه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میستيزد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />

معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت متع<strong>ا</strong>دل ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز<br />

ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م)‏ ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> محيط ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

‏[د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سفسطه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حمله <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيز:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست ؛ مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست ؛ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه!‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏(گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی جديد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ت جديد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

شک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>زه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د متي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ که <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم.‏<br />

‏[د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ‏"فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه""،‏ صفحه ١١٩ ف.ف.)‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏<br />

–<br />

" ز<strong>ا</strong><br />

B<br />

–<br />

[<br />

C<br />

–<br />

–<br />

١٩٠٣<br />

[<br />

A<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> سفسطه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏<br />

Hier haben wir ganz dieselbe Sophistik, die wir an dem Beispiel der berüchtigten<br />

Koordination beobachtet haben. S.81 P.3<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> يک مسي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گشت<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٣ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong>"،‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی،‏<br />

-B<br />

-C<br />

صفحه ،١١٩ seq. (et<br />

Im Jahre 1903 schrieb Bogdanow (in seinem Aufsatz "Das autoritäre Denken" in dem<br />

Sammelband "aus der Psychologie der Geselschaft", S. 119 ff.)

–<br />

:<br />

68<br />

..."<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک تش<strong>ب</strong>يه فلسفی همس<strong>ا</strong>زت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> جسم<br />

ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> شخص ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم).‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>ست که تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> شخص ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>خل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د).‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> حتی<br />

تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><br />

میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم..."‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> جسم خدمت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف طعمه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

هدف گي<strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک حمله عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(علي<strong>ر</strong>غم تم<strong>ا</strong>م خشم<br />

سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم)،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>د شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

حقيقت که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی يک د<strong>ر</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ب</strong>کيه،‏ عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>مل"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong>خت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

محيط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يک چيز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ‏"د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

جسم"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ذه<strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که ذه<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ‏"د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> جسم"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ که <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ‏"محيط"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> جسم"،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش س<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که مخل<strong>و</strong>طی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏"حقيقتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد.‏

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 69<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تيد ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز سيستم <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د"،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ر</strong>قي<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> طعمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لعيد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م کشيده <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ضد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی خيلی غي<strong>ر</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ژستگي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ‏’د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د‘،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏‛ت<strong>و</strong>ليد‘‏ میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>دد ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

‏"حقيقت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمک يک مغز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ديشد!)...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>مت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۴٨-۴٧)<br />

خ<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته!‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>و</strong> دل د<strong>ر</strong> حمله <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ملحق<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد.‏ ‏[<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میدهد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>عث ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل د<strong>ر</strong> هيج <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مغز <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ضميمه شده."‏ ‏(صفحه ٣۵۶)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک خي<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مخفی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مغلطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>يش میطل<strong>ب</strong>د"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۴۴). ‏"يک تض<strong>ا</strong>د عجي<strong>ب</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خصيصه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم جهت يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>لص يک هم <strong>ب</strong>ستگی مطلق ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> يک د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>زم شد ت<strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سد،‏<br />

تسليم شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ي<strong>و</strong>غ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> مقيد<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه شکل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

حقيقی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶۵- ۶۴)<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س)‏ که مغز ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ عض<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

صفحه ٣٠)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

فقط ت<strong>ا</strong> سعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

-A<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

Es ist nur schade, fügt Wundt hinzu, dass diese Theorie der Introjektion "mit der<br />

Lehre von der unabhängigen Vitalreihe in gar keiner Beziehung steht, S.84 P1

A<br />

.(٧<br />

B<br />

70<br />

هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزد که ج<strong>ن</strong>گ سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه عليه ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>س ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مصمم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>مت ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کمک ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م تص<strong>ن</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد،‏ <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی ‏"کشف ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"هيئته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>دلی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد؛ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓلف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>مگ<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک مغز می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشد.‏ <strong>و</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز<br />

‏(که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>ششی د<strong>ر</strong> ستيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م که م<strong>ا</strong>ده مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه مغز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حتی تز زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيچ مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تم<strong>ا</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>ا</strong>صيتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س)،‏ حتی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٧۵، تز د<strong>و</strong>م).‏ د<strong>ر</strong>همی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مقدمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی!‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ئی ت<strong>ن</strong>د فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

يک چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم گ<strong>و</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د لغت،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گيج ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

(<br />

"fidentials"<br />

،"seurals"<br />

،"notals"<br />

،١٩٠۶ جلد ،٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧٢ ١٧١<br />

A- جيمز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

-B<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

‏"ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

،١٩٠٠ صفحه .۵٨

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 71<br />

–<br />

[<br />

A<br />

=<br />

notus)<br />

"Notal"<br />

B<br />

–<br />

"existantial"<br />

–<br />

–<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گل<strong>و</strong>له <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ که خ<strong>و</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>شق کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میخ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"خصيصه مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی سيستم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>)،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"گفت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی شه<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه فهم حي<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

عملی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ک<strong>و</strong>شيد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيچ مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ خصيصه مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د شم<strong>ا</strong>تيک خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />

مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>دی که حتی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میگش<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ‏[ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د".‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>شق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏ُمد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>هی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دست کشيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

۶- خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی،‏ که ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل"،‏ ‏"هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>لی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>د فلسفه س<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> حتی م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"،‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏(صفحه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م دسته م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی"،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مد ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيئته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>دل ف<strong>ا</strong>ش س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک خل<strong>ا</strong>صه<br />

،(XI<br />

blosse Spekulierschablonen S.86 P.1<br />

،Gegen die Schulweisheit صفحه<br />

-A<br />

-B<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت کليشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

١۶٩، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت فضل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه يک ج<strong>ا</strong>هل،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏(جلد ١، <strong>ب</strong>خش ٢)

٣٩<br />

72<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز عق<strong>ا</strong>يدی که <strong>ب</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی جه<strong>ا</strong>لت ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ضم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست,‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> هست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<br />

فلسفی عملی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل سيستمی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>لی<br />

همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی که ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س شده،‏ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تسليم میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶٢<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز کلي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> Kleinpeter) ،(Hans يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيقً<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

همه چيز ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست!)،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می ‏(علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

جلد<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يستد"‏ )<br />

Erkennis<br />

،۶<br />

nolens volens<br />

–<br />

Archiv für systematische Philosophie<br />

٤٢<br />

٤١<br />

(۶١ –<br />

٤٠<br />

und Irrtum<br />

،١٩٠٠ صفحه (٨٧<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>...‏ س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>همه<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ )<br />

–<br />

،١٩٠٣ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٧<br />

،Kantstudien جلد ،٨<br />

(Missverständnisse)<br />

(۴١۶<br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شليم،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>تجعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏("يک <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

١٩٠۶)، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد."‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق مطلق"،‏ ١٩٠۵، صفحه ٢۶)<br />

<strong>ر</strong>.‏ ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگس<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ "... ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شق م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح فيشته،‏ شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> هگل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ) von Über die Lehre hum's<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی هي<strong>و</strong>م"،‏<br />

Vorwort zur<br />

–<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ) die Der kritische Idealismus und<br />

١٩٠۴، صفحه<br />

،<br />

"Erkennis und Irrtum"<br />

reine Logik<br />

der Realität der Aussendinge<br />

(۶٨<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ج،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ب</strong>يح ههکِل<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی گذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چيزی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏(س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ُلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ج<br />

(Haeckel)<br />

La vie dt La matiere<br />

،١٩٠٧ صفحه (١۵<br />

٤٣<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده"،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏<br />

‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong>دسهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ت.‏ ديکس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ عقيده <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>قل شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>هم گ<strong>و</strong>ئی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه

عق<strong>ا</strong><br />

فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 73<br />

et<br />

"<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"فلسفه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ مقدمه ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه<br />

(seq.,xii<br />

ديکس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ا</strong>ست که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چيزی<br />

مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تمثيل،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ح<strong>ر</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم تفسي<strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>دمی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>دد!‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه تم<strong>ا</strong>م شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تخيل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ که...‏ ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مشکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ شک ک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ده علم"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی میک<strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ علم<strong>ا</strong>ی متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ا</strong><br />

میدهد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م عقيده يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> گفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> م)‏ يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong><br />

عليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه مقيد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يتی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده که<br />

مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم يک قدم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ مشخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> حسی ، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

که کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کليه<br />

مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذشته د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏<br />

A<br />

B<br />

–<br />

–<br />

، صفحه ،١٣٢<br />

١٩٠۵<br />

- A ‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"،‏ ٢١ ژ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ،١٨٩٢ صفحه .٢۶٩<br />

"Populare Schriften"<br />

- B<br />

،١٨٧ ،١۶٨ ،١٧٧ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

‏"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ

74<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>ر</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ که م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ م<strong>ب</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 75<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

( )<br />

‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديد،‏ مث<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>غذ میشد.‏ ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه تحقيق يک هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست هيچ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏[عليه چه کسی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ء</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ سمت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> تقسيم م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> همه حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

میستيز<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> دست کشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

متهم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />

.<br />

٤٤<br />

bete noire<br />

[<br />

A<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ عليه چه کسی <strong>ن</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

Gegen wen aber richtet sich der Kampf wegen dieses unglückseligen<br />

"Dinges an sich"

76<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خيست،‏ يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه مستقيمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک دشم<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه،‏ مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>جد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ جهل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم؟)‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میچ<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه،‏ خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> حقي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>دهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت معلم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که هدف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مل<strong>ا</strong>حظ<strong>ا</strong>ت گذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong><br />

خصيصه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ دع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ء</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> فلسفه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ‏(مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩٠٧، مجم<strong>و</strong>عه مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز گست<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد <strong>و</strong> شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک خ<strong>ا</strong>م"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ختهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ متهم س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>فی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس عليه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> خط فلسفی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ هستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تقسيم<br />

شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته فک<strong>ر</strong>ی متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ ‏"مسئله <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صه فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong><br />

هستی"‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز تقسيم فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ‏"معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong>جه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

.<br />

٤٥<br />

–<br />

(٣٢<br />

٢٩<br />

(١٩٠٠

ف-‏<br />

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 77<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی هست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم؟"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سه فصل <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مطلق هگل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تحقق يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<br />

مطلق"‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong> مطلق"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏<br />

‏"عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک س<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قشی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

مهم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفی د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓفز<strong>ا</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>سمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓس،‏ لي<strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong>يده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ء</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه<br />

٣٣<br />

A<br />

٤٧<br />

٤٦<br />

–<br />

١٨٨٨<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت ٢)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>يف می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد ، که ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می ‏"مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه جسد مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><br />

مدته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د شده ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>فِ‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فهميد که د<strong>ر</strong>ست همي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

B<br />

١۵<br />

.<br />

،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ١٣<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

١٢، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف لغت ‏(يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong> م)‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>صه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضعيف شده"‏ متهم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ر</strong>دهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م Spiegelbild ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

A<br />

-B<br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يلي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ‏"مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ضی"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش يک،‏ س<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ،‏ ١٩٠٨، صفحه ١٩۵.

78<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که هگل <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ عليه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> عميق،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏<br />

فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏<br />

‏"گفت<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه هستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> جهت مق<strong>ا</strong>صد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ء</strong>"‏ غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه مهم د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حذف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست).‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد شده د<strong>ر</strong> جسم گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که شيمی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی يکی <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"،‏ ‏"شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ شد.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> زحمت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مز<strong>ر</strong>عه <strong>ن</strong>میکشيم،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>يم"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ١۶)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ ‏"هيچ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته متعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد که م<strong>ا</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>د ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ليد<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی که يک کشف ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ر</strong>سيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ‏"شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(صفحه ٣٣)<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>!‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که قصد ‏"تکه تکه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ش<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حتی مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>حث،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد!‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د".‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح گفت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>)‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> قضيه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ قضيه<br />

‏"عکس"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د:‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که تشخيص دهد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ س<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> گم شده که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>قل شده،‏ عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

سعی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم دع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> چيست.‏<br />

–<br />

٤٨<br />

(Schrullen)<br />

–<br />

unfassbaren<br />

–<br />

:

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 79<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ا</strong>دله میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س چه چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديد ميگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>ک میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ جد<strong>ا</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديده<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

دست<strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

هسته <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چيست؟ دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم که قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يم که هست.‏ مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مشک<strong>و</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت علم جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ سه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ء</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مهم ح<strong>ا</strong>صل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><br />

هيچ چيز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>و</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏<br />

قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> چيزی که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<br />

<strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>يل که شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت)،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>لی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏(هي<strong>و</strong>م)‏ جد<strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ همه مهمل محض <strong>و</strong> قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>ب</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> علم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد معي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

علم <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ر</strong>ه يک<strong>ا</strong>يک خ<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مح<strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز عمل يک شيئ که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>و</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د قي<strong>ا</strong>سی که همه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ر</strong>ه میس<strong>ا</strong>زيم <strong>و</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

(Erscheinung)<br />

٤٩<br />

–<br />

Schrulle<br />

(jenseits)<br />

-١<br />

-٢<br />

-٣

–<br />

٥١<br />

80<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ چيزه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏(که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> مهمل ت<strong>ر</strong>حم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تحليل"<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ مث<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ختهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه حقيقی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تميز دهد.‏<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست!)‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>حثم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<br />

معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده)‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث تز د<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم تز د<strong>و</strong>م:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يک مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

مسئله<strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک حقيقت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت،‏ د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ ‏(يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه لغت <strong>ب</strong>ه لغت)،‏ <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د میز<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

‏"تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> ‏"ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد<br />

می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٣۴ ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فی که ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی مغش<strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد چه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل محض <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد همه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل ي<strong>ا</strong> شلختگی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تز <strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>دهيد که ‏"حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ )<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه")‏ ئی که حقيقتً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی محض <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه)‏ ‏"چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ محد<strong>و</strong>د میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هفدهم که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(مقدمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)،‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

gegenstandliche<br />

(Diesseitigkeit)<br />

(gelehrte Spitzfindigkeit)<br />

٥٠<br />

Diesseitigkeit<br />

(Diesseitigkeit)<br />

(Wahrheit

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 81<br />

A<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong> فهميد<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که مثل يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف جفتک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ب</strong>تی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه،‏ گ<strong>ا</strong>هی دقت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم که فلسفه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>خش س<strong>و</strong>م قسمت د<strong>و</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong>ثي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>ی هميشه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> صحيح<br />

تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی ‏"تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>قل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong>،‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> همه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ تشخيص میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> مشخصی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد که م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ب</strong>لکه ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ ‏"همه"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏"<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>سف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يش (Sorge) جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فع<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏<br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فع<strong>ا</strong>ل خصيصه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد،‏ د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>يق مع<strong>ر</strong>فت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> مطلق سهيم میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>می فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شخصيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد دست د<strong>ر</strong> دست<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی کس<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديده ‏(<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

(Phänomenale Tätigkeit)<br />

-A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ ‏"فلسفه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۴ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣٣٨-٢۴٩، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"تزه<strong>ا</strong>"‏<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢٩٠<br />

– ،٢٩٨ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی

–<br />

82<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه)‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(قسمت شش)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مطلق سهيم میش<strong>و</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقت<br />

مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد ‏(قسمت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)؛ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت مطلق مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ط<strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قدي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<br />

معم<strong>و</strong>ل طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د:‏ چه م<strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؟ چه دليلی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد؟ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض د<strong>ر</strong> تز د<strong>و</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد"‏<br />

‏(صفحه ٢٩١)<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که ل<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت!‏<br />

–<br />

۵<br />

..."<br />

<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<br />

٢- ‏"تف<strong>و</strong>ق"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی<br />

سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يحت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>فی تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>و</strong>ظيفه تصحيح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />

تح<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>ت مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ‏(فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م)‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ‏(هي<strong>و</strong>می)‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هيچ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک يک ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست"‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم"‏ گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />

می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

A<br />

..."<br />

(Abbilder)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ‏["تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"]‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم:‏<br />

تخيلی <strong>و</strong> علمی)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شد.-‏‎1892‎ XI, ,1<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> ‏[مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>]‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م)‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>عد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‛‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"،‏ صفحه ۶۴ <strong>ن</strong>قل ميک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

Neue Zeit<br />

١۶٢<br />

1893, Nr. 1, S. 15<br />

-A

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 83<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل هم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد؟ يک خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم،‏ که<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>قف میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ‏"حتی"‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

هيچ چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>طع چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک حتی فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong>ه چه شکل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>چگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />

گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک خط فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> دهد،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ديديد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ق میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />

گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک،‏ يک هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست که ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> گذشته <strong>ا</strong>ست".‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>می ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏(فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ر</strong>ده ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه يکی ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> متعدد<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه کل خط هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>يژگیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز خصلت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که همه هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

ميل،‏ ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم ‏(هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج.<strong>ا</strong>.‏ ميل)‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

–<br />

–<br />

٥٢<br />

–<br />

(diesseits)<br />

، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

A<br />

-A<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م جمله <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:‏

–<br />

84<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ب</strong>دً<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ه عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />

میدهد <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست:(‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>ده تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ف زده<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه-‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک مشکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج ص<strong>ر</strong>ف شکست<br />

<strong>و</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

مشکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ حل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ محک غذ<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کيفي<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت غلط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی که يک شيئ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد غلط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م هدف خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>فق<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شتيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل مث<strong>ب</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

کمی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گ<strong>و</strong>ش دهيم ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ش<strong>و</strong>د):‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکست م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،‏ عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> علتی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>عث شکستم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيم؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ميي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص <strong>و</strong> سطحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<br />

<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصديق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د"‏<br />

‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست).‏ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong>يم ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم <strong>و</strong> عمل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م دهيم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی تج<strong>و</strong>يز شده که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شده ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

(Flohknacker<br />

٥٣<br />

Im Anfang war die Tat<br />

(Übereinstimmung)<br />

–<br />

(gegenstandlich)<br />

Ob wir sagen, daß die Materie eine permanente Epfindungsmöglichkeit sei (nach J.St.<br />

Mill), oder… S.102<br />

...<br />

..."

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 85<br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی علمی ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيتش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>قتی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که کسی که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جهی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فهمد<br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> هميشه <strong>و</strong> همه ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قسمتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل شده،‏ حتی يک <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهمد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل خط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قسمتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهمد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>قه م<strong>ا</strong>خی،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>يکه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد)‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> حيف.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل عليه فلسفه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />

که عليه فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شد،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده،‏ ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ يک خ<strong>و</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ که شيئ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ي<strong>ا</strong>فت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد..."‏<br />

(Liebknecht)<br />

٥٤<br />

، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

٥٥<br />

-<br />

–<br />

يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست که لي<strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>شت<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يک حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><br />

که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هستيد،‏ يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>يستيد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

مفل<strong>و</strong>ک،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف!‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده"‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سيسيم،‏

..."<br />

..."<br />

..."<br />

86<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میفهميد که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده"‏ <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه،‏ يک<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لم<strong>ا</strong>سکه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ‏(<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت مثل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يز)،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>قه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده"‏ gegeben) (faktisch<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست ، که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ن</strong>يز ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده"‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ت<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفته<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> که ‏"هستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ي<strong>ا</strong>فت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد"‏ مهمل مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خی شم<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

که شم<strong>ا</strong> حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جمله يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ هستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی"‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه"‏ ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً)‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک شده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دد!‏<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ئی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<br />

شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د..."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی جهت ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏(که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />

میده<strong>ن</strong>د؟..."‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مهملی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میدهد.‏ ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>جز ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديد ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د!)،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> چه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد گ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>همی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه صحيح <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...."‏

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 87<br />

..."<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف!‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مسئله معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک مسئله د<strong>و</strong>م می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ن</strong>يز هست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ‏’معي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>ب</strong>ده دست زد؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>و</strong>سط ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست همه <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک شيئ <strong>و</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏’تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>‘‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏’خط<br />

تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏’تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong> ، <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف)..."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>خ شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>خی<br />

س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد خفه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>پ</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>!‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"!!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>هم س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>و</strong><br />

تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>قيه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظي<strong>ن</strong> کشيش مسلک <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که د<strong>ر</strong> طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

حيلهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م تسليم شد <strong>و</strong> چه<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيستی حقيقی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت!‏<br />

گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> يک حيله <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکی.‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف!‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه مشک<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"ق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong>

88<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />

مع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"هم صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه د<strong>و</strong>می تحت <strong>ا</strong>لفظی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

‏"يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دهد.‏ حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کمی دقت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه ‏"تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق"،‏<br />

‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong> زد<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف همه<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم ع<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقل <strong>و</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>لم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<br />

حسی ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> چه محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مهم <strong>ن</strong>يست)‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"؟ زمي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مثل هم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>)‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏<br />

‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت که هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ هيچ<br />

عض<strong>و</strong> حسی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده متشکلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>کته دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يچيده ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"،‏ ‏"تد<strong>ا</strong>خل"،‏ <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه کشف شده<br />

‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش يک تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی کمک<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong><br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> علمی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشيد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف!‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم س<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گفته ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حک خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>د!"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> گفته شده،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س ‏ُم ل<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليف)‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت:‏<br />

"<br />

Stimmen mit<br />

(Abbild)<br />

–<br />

"Stimmen mit"<br />

.RΟДΟC<br />

stimme

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 89<br />

..."<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> چه چيز د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک کلمه هم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ‏’ت<strong>و</strong>فق‘‏ قدم <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د..."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م ‏"م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط،‏ عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ميدهد؟ مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی معق<strong>و</strong>ل مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح میديد که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏’تف<strong>و</strong>ق‘‏ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل م<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه شيئ<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong> تف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک م<strong>ن</strong>طقه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

تف<strong>و</strong>قی <strong>و</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><br />

يک م<strong>ن</strong>طقه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه که خط<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏(فقط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شم<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

شده <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد)‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه تقليده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی متهم<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"تف<strong>و</strong>قی"‏ ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع هم<br />

کلمه <strong>و</strong> هم سي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میچ<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>يده ‏"تف<strong>و</strong>ق"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده يک م<strong>ر</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ِ‏ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده مهمل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏’هستی‘‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک،‏ يک<br />

مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

هيچ ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />

حتی <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ صفحه ٢١ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه هستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ هستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی هميشه مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<strong>ا</strong>ی که قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />

<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

–<br />

(transcensus<br />

(Gesichtskreis)<br />

٥٦<br />

..."<br />

(offene Frage)

90<br />

غذ<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>پ</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز هستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />

قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يخ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مسلم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی گفته <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏"هستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"‏ يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست!!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف معت<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی<br />

ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که چيزی ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه که حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ ‏"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که س<strong>ا</strong>زش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ش<strong>ر</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ن</strong>صف يک صفحه <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد<br />

که مقيديم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفته شده ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تعقي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تزلزل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>خی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ن</strong>دهيم.‏<br />

"<br />

-٣<br />

ل.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ژ-‏ ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>ر</strong>ز مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>طی<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که ح<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حس<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

(ausgemacht)<br />

(an sich)<br />

(sinnlichen)

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 91<br />

" یف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هفدهم که <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏("د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه")‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د)‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ يک ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ يک ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت"،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د"‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که چه غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تف<strong>و</strong>قی"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ّه<strong>ء</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خلق شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ن</strong>يز محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>هم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>دأ خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ معهذ<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م کلی ‏’ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت‘‏ مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه،‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

،(Naturwesen) <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

an sich<br />

(Wesen)<br />

(zuletzt)<br />

(Bilder)<br />

An sich<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ Werke) ،Band VIII, <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ١٩٠٣ صفحه ۵١۶)<br />

..."<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

عص<strong>ب</strong> چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>مک هست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د که مزه <strong>ن</strong>مک مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مک ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ن</strong>يز هست<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد<br />

<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د صفحه <strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>:‏ ‏"ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مزه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۵١۴)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

sich) ،(an und für <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

des ohne Empfindung )<br />

"...(gedachten Salzes

92<br />

..."<br />

..."<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ ،(Naturwesen) م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد،‏ ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ گي<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏<br />

حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>گ.‏ معهذ<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏’يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی عي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>‘‏ تحقق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستی<strong>ا</strong>ش شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ حتی<br />

صميمیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong>هم،‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع تخيل <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟...‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> متش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم چقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟"‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۵١٨)<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز،‏ ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>و</strong> حکيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت محض فلسفی<br />

هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏[ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم،‏ يک سفسطه که<strong>ن</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک سس<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>زه س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ذيل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>د که شي<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏[که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی د<strong>ر</strong> میغلتد که <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ٓدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی گيچ<br />

جمله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د زحمت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(unklug) ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

(Wesen an sich)<br />

(in und nach seinem Sinne)<br />

[<br />

B<br />

.(Klammern)<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong>ه دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديده،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

In Wirklichkeit hat jeder Mensch millionenmal die einfache und augenf'llige<br />

Verwandlung des "Dinges an sich" in eine Erscheinung, in ein "Ding fuer uns"<br />

beobachtet. Diese Verwandlung ist eben die Erkenntnis. S.114 P. 1<br />

-B<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ حقيقتی که <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز جمله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د خط مسلط<br />

فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحلييل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

… daß er oft in eine Konfusion geraet, an die sich manche unklugen Leute (darunter<br />

eugen Dietzgen) und natürlich auch unsere Machisten geklammert haben. Jedoch<br />

haben sie sich nicht die Mühe genommen oder waren nicht instande, die Grundlinie

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 93<br />

ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏’شيئ‘‏<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که ‏’جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه‘‏ <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کل متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

۶۵) ‏"يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

هم ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

مثل يک تکه ده م<strong>ا</strong>يلی ج<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی،‏ هيچ ‏"تف<strong>و</strong>ق"،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فط<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>طقه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />

که ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زيم<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز حد<strong>و</strong>د همه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ چه <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ چه <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست ،(unauskenntliches) يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

‏"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ١٩٠٣ صفحه ١٩٩)<br />

مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی غلط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت – ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>چه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم میگذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏<br />

ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>لم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> علمی<br />

حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د د<strong>و</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هيچ مق<strong>و</strong>له مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٠٠)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

‏"يک مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه طل<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مهمت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مطلق ‏’شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه‘<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong>يده’‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که<br />

محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هميشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک‘‏ ميس<strong>ر</strong><br />

(٧٢<br />

–<br />

٧١<br />

kleinere philosophische )<br />

–<br />

-<br />

toto coelo<br />

١٩٠٢ صفحه<br />

(Wir erfahren)<br />

-<br />

Schriften<br />

seiner Philosophie zu untersuchen und den Materialismus von anders gearteten<br />

Elementen deutlich abzusondern S.114 P.2

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<br />

94<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

عليت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>-‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

١٩٠٧<br />

٥٧<br />

A<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ۴٠ (۴١<br />

‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک کل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>گم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هفدهم،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(مقدمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد).‏<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ژ.‏ ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس کلک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"هميشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی محض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ سخ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گفت).‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>هم گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی سخ<strong>ن</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏<br />

تقليد ط<strong>و</strong>طی<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تجع د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٧ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست فلسفه ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی!‏<br />

١٩٠٨- چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

[<br />

-١<br />

-٢<br />

-٣<br />

۴- <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> میفهمم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ه<strong>ر</strong> حقيقتی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی کليه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط چيست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطعه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"حقيقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ديت<br />

يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مطلق کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> ‏"حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک محد<strong>و</strong>ده عص<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ق<strong>ا</strong>طی شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />

س<strong>و</strong>ژه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />

–<br />

٣ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧<br />

(١٧<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong>هم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

Das ist ein einziges Knäuel von lauter wirren Zeug S.115

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 95<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که حقيقته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>م مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مسئله د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>و</strong> قطعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی حتی ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />

حقيقت مطلق <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ م<strong>ن</strong>فی میدهد،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>د صفحه <strong>ب</strong>عد می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ حقيقت يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی،‏ يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف"،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت،‏ که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د هيچ کد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />

د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه هيچ حقيقتی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

س<strong>و</strong>ژه،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م گفته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه هيچ حقيقتی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>فی حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک حقيقت علمی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د شيئ م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong>عکس<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> علم که زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته يک<br />

حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ء</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که زمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ همه قضيه <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی يک ‏"شکل<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میک<strong>و</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong>قی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>کشد.‏<br />

‏(صفحه (IX<br />

–

96<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه جمعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>ن</strong>هيم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه معتقديم ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ خصيصه<strong>ء</strong><br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

‏(د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست!‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> کس"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>.‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>هميت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

‏(صفحه ٢۵، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ ‏"عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م فيزيکی که د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کلی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

‏(صفحه ٣۶، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د هيچ<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عيت"‏ <strong>و</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکث میک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که عي<strong>ن</strong>يت ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>هميت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل"‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ ‏"يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>يم که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ‏’عي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی‘‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست...‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی متشکل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ر</strong>دمی معي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل دهق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ي<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ضميمه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه جمعی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> عليت،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ۴۵)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يه خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ‏"ضميمه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی حس<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يت د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيج <strong>و</strong>جه خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی کل م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک يک س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>هميت<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل"‏ <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه علمی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی طی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ شده <strong>و</strong><br />

هم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست"؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> عليت"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حثت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د"؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی جهت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong>يست که مذ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق ده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل مهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل<br />

–

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 97<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ علم ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ست که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong>قتی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سعی ک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ن</strong>د)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه کل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م حقيقت علمی)‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته"‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه شخص <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>")،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هستيم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏(مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد)‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏(مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>")‏<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد،‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ديد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong>ک ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

مقدمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> مقدمه مهم د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل<br />

میدهد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد ‏("<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م کل<strong>ا</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>")،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

خط عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد ‏(<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د).‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ي<strong>ا</strong>،‏ کمی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏<br />

هيچ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

)<br />

(Locke)<br />

(١٨٧۶

98<br />

حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ حل <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غل<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی)‏ تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط هگل گفته شده"‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ صفحه<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که هگل،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"يک سيستم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏<br />

عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />

يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>سی هم م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> شخص<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ تکيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل د<strong>ر</strong> تحقق خ<strong>و</strong>يش<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ًٌ‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهيد <strong>ب</strong>له،‏ يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هستيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهيد <strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد <strong>ر</strong>سيد،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>يت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت)‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م)‏ حتی<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>دهيد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی شم<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که شم<strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه خط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی محض <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

جز<strong>ء</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د).‏ م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک يک<br />

کلمه ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ه"،‏ ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت".‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ م<strong>ن</strong><br />

.<br />

٥٨<br />

(١۶<br />

–<br />

١۵<br />

(das äusserliche)<br />

(soll doch eine Erkenntnis desselben nicht stattfinden können)<br />

das der Wahrnehmung Angehörige<br />

(Durchführung)<br />

(das wahrhaft Objective)<br />

gnosis<br />

a<br />

A<br />

هگل،‏ A-<br />

‏(د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ة<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف عل<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

"Encyklopedie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse"<br />

،VII Band, Werke ،(Grundrisse ١٨۴٣ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٣ <strong>و</strong> ١٢٢

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 99<br />

–<br />

–<br />

<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>م هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏(سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد).‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تحمل<br />

تحمل ت<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه دگمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ مقدسي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سل ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی محض)؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>سم گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>طق ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong><br />

صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طقی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ژ.<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يکت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که <strong>ا</strong>يده ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه جل<strong>ا</strong><br />

ميدهد،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تقليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ميز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong>له م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>پ</strong>ی حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میستيز<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>؛ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

علم ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی کشف میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفهم که ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> کشف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دد که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ مفه<strong>و</strong>م عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی ميل <strong>ا</strong>ست که حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"عتيقه شده"‏ دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ‏"علم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>خشش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که مسئله خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏(مثل<strong>ا</strong><br />

(١٩٠۶)

100<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله که<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د":‏ ق<strong>ر</strong>مز،‏ س<strong>ب</strong>ز،‏ سفت،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ط<strong>و</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong>مز می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخت حس<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سش فلسفی قديمی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong>میغلتيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستحق<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی می<strong>ا</strong>فتيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مدت ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م ، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک مق<strong>و</strong>له فلسفی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که مستقل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />

شده،‏ عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏"عتيقه ش<strong>و</strong>د"‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ر</strong><br />

فلسفه،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> علم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق حسی <strong>و</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> طی د<strong>و</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د عتيقه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />

ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده مسئله <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مسئله<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>ش مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده،‏ مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دلقک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه،‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> چش<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ عتيقهت<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ همه يک چيز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چقد<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

يک<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"چه م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيل<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد که ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> يک خط فلسفی<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح!‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<br />

‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ديکش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فلسفه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>يست که کليه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>زل میدهد."‏<br />

(Verkundung)<br />

(ausgemachte)<br />

.(١٩۵<br />

B<br />

A<br />

(Grund<br />

-A ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ، Saemtliche Werke Band X ١٨۶۶ صفحه - ٩۵ ١٩۴<br />

،Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٨٧۵<br />

-B<br />

ديکش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عل<strong>و</strong>م فلسفیِ‏

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 101<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(شک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>يک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />

که حقيقت ي<strong>ا</strong> هستی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ شخص می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ‏(ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ر</strong>سيد که:‏ فقط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هستی مگ<strong>ر</strong> هستی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش<br />

شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

(Sinnliche)<br />

"(atteinndre nos sens)"<br />

(Schwegler)<br />

۵- حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کشف شد<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کشف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>صف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م."‏ ‏(صفحه V) يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>فی تم<strong>ا</strong>می حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی،‏<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>فی عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط تم<strong>ا</strong>می حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>."‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> علي<strong>ر</strong>غم ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی"‏ معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>پ</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

‏(صفحه (VIII ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د قي<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> قي<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />

دهد..."‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ‏"حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی"‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که کسی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

کشف حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ (Plattheiten)<br />

محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ‏"حقيقتی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>و</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ث<strong>ب</strong>ت يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد،‏ که ش<strong>ا</strong>يد حتی هيچ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>سل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فع<strong>ا</strong>ليتی خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حقيقت<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ‏’گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده‘‏ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ حقيقت يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ل<strong>ا</strong>زم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

:VIII ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

–<br />

١٨٢١<br />

۵<br />

(IV<br />

Geschichte der Philosophie im Umriss<br />

-A<br />

دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>گل<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏(ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه)‏ صفحه<br />

<strong>و</strong> ١٩۴<br />

١۵ - te Aufl.

102<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليتم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong>تک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی مجهز<br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک دکلمه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ی که جمله ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه مه م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ غلط <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />

جمله د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

مطلق ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ که حقيقت ‏"شکل ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی تلقی ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> هفت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز خلق شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت ‏"ز<strong>ن</strong>ده"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فقط مهملی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>ظف د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مطل<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>لی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشکلی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

حق<strong>ا</strong>يق مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong><br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی دگم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />

١٨٢١<br />

١٨٢١<br />

١٨٢١<br />

۵<br />

۵<br />

[<br />

B<br />

۵<br />

(widerlegt)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يدکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>فی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ‏"يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک مشت کلمه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

Kannst du nicht behaupten, dass der Satz "Napoleon ist am 5 Mai 1821 gestorben"<br />

falsch oder ungenau ist, so erkennst du ihn als wahr an . Behauptest du nicht, dass<br />

dieser Satz in Zukunft widerlegt werden könnte, so erkennst du diese Wahrheit als<br />

eine ewige Wahrheit an. Wenn man aber solche Phrasen, dass die Wahrheit "die<br />

lebendige, organisierende From der Erfahrung" sei, als Widerlegung bezeichnet, so<br />

heisst das leer Wörte für Philosophie ausgeben S.126 P.2<br />

-B<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت ‏"ل<strong>ا</strong>زم"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه؟)‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

‏"می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

Darf man diese Frage den durch Phrasen über die "lebendige" (was soll das heissen)<br />

Wahrheit ausweichen, die irgendwo "hinführt" usw. S.127 P.1

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 103<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تصديق حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تصديق<br />

حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقتی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل علم د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> علم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>پ</strong> کلمه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د کشيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گفت <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />

طمط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>زيم که مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم.‏ ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> سی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع د<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

شده ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش يک قضيه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم يک حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> جهل مطلق خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>خش مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏<br />

‏["...<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کد<strong>ا</strong>م محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏["<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

متحقق میس<strong>ا</strong>زد ‏]؛ مع<strong>ر</strong>فتی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

مستقل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تحقق میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت حقيقی مطلق،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه)‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تحقق ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خصيصه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تً<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ميش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه مطلقً<strong>ا</strong><br />

–<br />

(IX<br />

(٧٩<br />

B<br />

(gewaltige Wörte)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(Souveränität)<br />

(unsouveräne)<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>ميک،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د"‏<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط<br />

(Anspruch)<br />

Ob und welche Produkte des menschlichen Erkenntnis überhaupt souveraene Geltung<br />

und unbedingten "Anspruch" auf Wahrheit haben können. S. 128<br />

-B<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

تع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ا</strong>لی تحقق<br />

میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏<br />

Die Souveränität des Denkens verwirklicht sich in einer Reihe höchst unsouverän<br />

denkender Menschen S.128

104<br />

محد<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ديديم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ديست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک تص<strong>ا</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه عملی،‏ يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غي<strong>ر</strong> متع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>فيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محد<strong>و</strong>د.‏ مستقل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>دگی<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هدف <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<strong>ا</strong>ش؛ غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>و</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تحقق<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> لحظه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص."‏ ‏(صفحه ٨١)<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يز دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> همگی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست حل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د همه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> حتی ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس يک دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک دليل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه کمت<strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏<br />

‏"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهميد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقتی قط<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

حقيقت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کليه مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> جهت متض<strong>ا</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ر</strong>شته ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته محد<strong>و</strong>دی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علمی دقيق <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که مطلقً<strong>ا</strong><br />

معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم:‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> قط<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ه متض<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ حقيقت خط<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد ‏(که حجم يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه عکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د).‏ ‏"يک ج<strong>و</strong> حقيقت"‏ م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ فقط د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حقيقت مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ه دست دهد،‏ <strong>و</strong> میدهد،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مجم<strong>و</strong>ع<br />

حقيقت مطلق می<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د حقيقت ه<strong>ر</strong> قضيه علمی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت گست<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />

میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>يزد.‏ ژ.‏ ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"حقيقت مطلق میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

٦٠<br />

(٨۶<br />

٥٩<br />

،(Anlage)<br />

٦١<br />

A<br />

cf.V. Chernov, loc. Cit., p.64, et seq.<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که<br />

د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میک<strong>و</strong>شد عدم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف حس<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

-A

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 105<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong>يده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ لمس ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت جذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏<br />

١٩۵) ‏"ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک عکس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ن</strong>میدهد،‏ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مدل خ<strong>و</strong>د عق<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>فتد...‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه يک عکس میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مدل<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩٧) ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حتی يک جز<strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مطلق،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع ت<strong>و</strong>سط مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه گ<strong>ر</strong>دد...‏ <strong>پ</strong>س چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ يک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میس<strong>ا</strong>زد؟...‏ کج<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت فط<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩٨) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقتیه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که شخص<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صفحه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يم که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> مطلق<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> فط<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت لمی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت فط<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

‏(صفحه ١٩٨)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>قل شده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />

هيچ م<strong>ر</strong>ز غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong>)‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط کليه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ خط<strong>و</strong>ط عکس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

حقيقت که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عکس يک مدل عي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه م<strong>و</strong>قع <strong>و</strong><br />

تحت چه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يطی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong>سيديم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

که ه<strong>ر</strong> کشفی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه،‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی علمی ‏(که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی متم<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مطلق مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد گفت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم د<strong>ا</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong>له،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دگم شد<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>د کلمه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی م<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>جمد،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ جل<strong>و</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ‏"معي<strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

(des Naturganzen an sich)<br />

٦٢<br />

٣ صفحه (IV<br />

auf) (gebt nicht ‏(صفحه

۵<br />

106<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفه <strong>و</strong> سفسطه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حذ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ر</strong>زی که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong>غلتيده<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستيم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> سفسطه مطلق محک<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>فی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله ي<strong>ا</strong> مدل<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> سفسطه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه.‏ شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی علمی ‏(که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که هگل د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د گفت ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی،‏<br />

شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>ن</strong>ميک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>فی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م که حد<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم دگم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> متک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه<strong>ء</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>"‏ چيست؟ مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> يک شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتی که د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مسئله،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"دگم"‏ يک مزه فلسفی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"که<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ديديم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

شهي<strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

١٨٢١<br />

(IX<br />

–

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 107<br />

۶- معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

<strong>و</strong> ١٨٩٢<br />

٦٣<br />

ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨۴۵ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨٨٨ معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> تز د<strong>و</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>حث<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل م<strong>ا</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک شده <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش معم<strong>و</strong>لی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>هم،‏ معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک مد<strong>ا</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گه د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد؛ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ شکسته<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>م میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم مد<strong>ا</strong>د شکسته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> چه<br />

چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد يک ف<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>زل دهيم؟...‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> غلط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی می<strong>ا</strong>فتيم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ف<strong>ا</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>شش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>هميت عملی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت علمی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>هميتی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ حتی<br />

<strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه ١٨<br />

(١٩ –<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>يز يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د هم شکی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده علمی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>و</strong> ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>حش"‏ د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سي<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که کل س<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>عت"‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم هيچ<br />

<strong>ن</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که کد<strong>ا</strong>م تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

يک <strong>پ</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏ ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

علمی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ‏"سل<strong>ا</strong>ح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل عليه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میديد.‏<br />

‏"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ تميز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>هميتی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده که علم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم عليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

(۵۵<br />

٦٤<br />

،<br />

٦٥<br />

(Schrullen)<br />

(Übereinstimmung)<br />

–<br />

Kleinere philosophische Schriften)

108<br />

يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

ديت<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏"جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيلی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که خلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د گيج میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۵٣)<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت تميز میدهد،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> علم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس که کليه ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ گفت<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ستی<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ش ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت يک تم<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مفيد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز خط<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(صفحه ١١۶) ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م،‏ يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دليل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>يسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خط ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مع<strong>ر</strong>فت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حفظ حي<strong>ا</strong>ت مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حفظ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ حقيقتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ‏"م<strong>و</strong>فقيت"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>و</strong>فقيت"‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ر</strong>سيم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک شيئ چ<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه طل<strong>و</strong>ع<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٨۵<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه يک مق<strong>و</strong>له<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ مسئله گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد <strong>ن</strong>يز مطل<strong>ب</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی ميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت عملی خ<strong>و</strong>يش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

(١۴٣<br />

(١١۵<br />

(٢٨۴ –<br />

(forderndes)

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 109<br />

-<br />

–<br />

B<br />

[<br />

A<br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ تل<strong>ا</strong>ش جهت <strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> عميقً<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل شک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> فيشته،‏ گ.‏ ل.‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>لتز ‏(که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

سکست<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی ش<strong>ر</strong>کت میج<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست میدهد.‏ <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عص<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد:‏ ‏"چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>يلی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ده م<strong>ر</strong>دم معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢۵۴<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی فيشته <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ض مي<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

aufdringet) "(sich ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> فيشته چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ميش<strong>و</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف کسی جز <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ‏"فلسفه<br />

۶٩)، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />

‏(جهش حي<strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏<br />

کي"‏<br />

صفحه کلمه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ ‏(که <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>و</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده)‏ <strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>و</strong>مه گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی<br />

... صفحه<br />

٦٦<br />

(٢۵۵-<br />

(۴۵۵ ،Werk I)<br />

(Pobel)<br />

salto vitale<br />

–<br />

salto vitale<br />

(١١١<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک"‏<br />

خصيصه <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

،<br />

-A<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

, der Versuch aber, sie "theoritisch" zu umgehen, drückt nur die gelehrt –<br />

scholastischen und geschraubt – idealistischen Bestrebungen Macks aus.<br />

B - G.E. Schulze, Aenesidemus oder über die Fundamente der von dem Herrn<br />

Professor Reinhold in Jena gelieferten Elementar Philosophie<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه سيدم<strong>و</strong>س،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>لد د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>

–<br />

110<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد،‏ که هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>جيهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف؟<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> جهل دليل <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

‏"يک جهش"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>لتز،‏ فيشته <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>جه زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيشته ش<strong>ر</strong>ح میدهد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"فيشته می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> لمس میک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>مسه <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س هست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل فيشته <strong>ا</strong>ست م)‏<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يد."‏ ‏(ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد:‏ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>و</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی عکس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قص <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏<br />

مسئله عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>گ،‏ يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<br />

جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه حقيقت قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فس میکشيم:‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ غذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>ن</strong>ی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ز<strong>ن</strong>جيده خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل غذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم؟ ‏"چه <strong>ب</strong>د!‏<br />

چه ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مقدس<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز ص<strong>ن</strong>دلی فلسفه <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لهي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهيم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ميز<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی يکی<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد مثل يکی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩٨)<br />

‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔد<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش میده<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ميز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

‏(صفحه ١٩٢)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

–<br />

(١٨٩<br />

،Werk, Band x صفحه (١٨۵<br />

".d`hôte<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔد<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه حي<strong>ا</strong>تی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

Diese Bemerkung ist nicht besonders höflich T sie trifft aber auf jene Philosophen,<br />

die lehren, dass die Sinnesverstellung eben die ausser uns existierende Wirklichkeit<br />

sei, haargenau zu. S. 137 P.3

فصل د<strong>و</strong>م 111<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مقدم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>و</strong> جعلي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>دهد<br />

‏"مطلق"‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ حقيقت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه علم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>دش<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"عص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک<br />

حقيقت ‏"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليل س<strong>ا</strong>ده که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه م<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يک<br />

حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دی میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل کليه کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د دهه گذشته،‏ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی کل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک تسليم <strong>ب</strong>خشش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عقيده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديگت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يم ‏(<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم).‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ<br />

<strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ر</strong>سيد.‏<br />

١٨٢١<br />

۵<br />

،٣ صفحه .(VII

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 113<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

( )<br />

١- م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيست؟ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيست؟<br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>.‏ سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ‏’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل‘‏ تصفيه شده هيچ چيز ‏’فيزيکی‘‏ ‏’م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی مطلق<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده مفه<strong>و</strong>م يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ده م)‏ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>کزی مشتق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

‏’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل‘،‏ يک ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏’م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی مطلق يک خي<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏<br />

فيزيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه مطلق <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه جديد،‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق")،‏ ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی،‏ محيط <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ جز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ژ.‏ گ.‏ فيشته گفت).‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(undenkbar)<br />

A<br />

(Unding)<br />

-<br />

Bemerkungen -A<br />

‏"ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه ٢ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش ١١٩

–<br />

114<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />

حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست هستی فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هستی س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته شد،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شدهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دش هيچ کس مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> تيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شک ک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>فی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>دش"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محيط <strong>و</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> زي<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏<br />

صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خ فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ‏"تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که ع<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ دشم<strong>ن</strong> متعص<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong>ئم ت<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ميل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديک میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد"‏ ‏("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ س<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک دست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ء</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيکی<br />

میچ<strong>ر</strong>خد.‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>می مطلق م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د که<br />

حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"علم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ خط فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز هستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط عکس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ که<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يک<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خط فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چشم<br />

می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ز تع<strong>ر</strong>يفه<strong>ا</strong>ئی غض<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست که،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

میده<strong>ن</strong>د."،‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه<br />

‏("م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست"‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس)‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی،‏<br />

١٩٠٠، صفحه<br />

–<br />

،(XVI <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

(٢۶۵<br />

–<br />

(٢۴٩

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 115<br />

–<br />

[<br />

A<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ديگ<strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی مس<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تفک<strong>ر</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی که مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د کد<strong>ا</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

مقدم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يم ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>غ يک حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>غ"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز هستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمل ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏(ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت تخصصی،‏ که هميشه<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د).‏ شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> يک ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> محض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>معيت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد که ‏"تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد:‏ يکی ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ سه دليل <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ ‏[چه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تع<strong>ر</strong>يف"‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

خط فلسفیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه <strong>ب</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش معي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>"‏ چيست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س چيست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی چيست؟ شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مهمل محضی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه دست ده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد که م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ هستی،‏ فيزيکی-‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.‏<br />

يک تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقي<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ يک خط<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> يک خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فق<strong>ر</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خلق يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

س<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>صی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک چيز س<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم."‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده که مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز س<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز س<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ا</strong>قد يک ضد مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که چيز س<strong>و</strong>م چيست؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<br />

–<br />

(Rententheorie)<br />

(Gegenbegriff)<br />

Worauf lassen sie sich zurueckfuehren<br />

-A<br />

همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟

(<br />

116<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت میفهمد که يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

تع<strong>ر</strong>يف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد که ت<strong>و</strong>سل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"چيز س<strong>و</strong>م"‏ يک حيله محض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيزيک چيست <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی چيست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"چيز س<strong>و</strong>م"‏ چيست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حيله می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ‏(محيط)‏ ‏(ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه)‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته حتی تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت مطلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که چه چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی<br />

<strong>و</strong> چه چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم کلمه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ض"‏ زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ د<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست‘،‏ ‏’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست‘؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی شد‘<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د‘؛"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> محيط تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لحظه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>سست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد:‏ ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ب</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>يش،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که محيط مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م تحليلی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏<br />

‏"يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيج چيز،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد."‏ ‏(صفحه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د حقيقی<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک ‏"ح<strong>ا</strong>لت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی)‏ تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ که<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی)‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع کلمه"‏ د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د؛ که ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />

خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ميدهی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏<br />

مشخص میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />

خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تطهي<strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج<br />

می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>يل می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص چيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />

–<br />

Sachhafte Werte<br />

(٢<br />

–<br />

(١<br />

gedankenhafte Werte<br />

(Bemerkungen)<br />

٦٧<br />

(٢<br />

١<br />

A- Einfuehrung in der Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung. Band 2 S.329

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 117<br />

میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يست که هيچ چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د يک د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه میچ<strong>ر</strong>خد."‏ )<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

فلسفه سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک)،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ،‏<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>عضی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ديگ<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong> خصيصه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

‏"جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت"‏<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کش میدهد ‏(صفحه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

تع<strong>ر</strong>يف دقيق <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک تع<strong>ر</strong>يف دقيق <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ء</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> س<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏[زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کمک میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏("ذه<strong>ن</strong>"،‏ جلد ١۵، صفحه ٢٩)<br />

‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>م که ‏ُک<strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح فلسفه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه؛ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد..."‏ يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی فيشته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ usw) ،Sonnenklarer Bericht, صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که تفسي<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه<br />

فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه کليه دستهه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><br />

خط<strong>ا</strong>"ی خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>و</strong>يلهلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شليم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش يک هستی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ا</strong>صيل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،‏ صفحه ٢٢٢<br />

Systematische<br />

Der<br />

،١٩٠٧ صفحه (١٠٢<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ Studien) ،Philosophische جلد ،١٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٩٢ (٩٣<br />

.(٣٨٢<br />

(١٢<br />

،١٩٠٧ صفحه .(۶١<br />

Philosophie<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میدهد."‏ neo-scolastique) ،Revue<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(kritische Idealismus und die reine Logik<br />

(۵٣<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />

کلمه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ‏"مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد،‏ دلس<strong>و</strong>زی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متهم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

حد<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> جهل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"مقص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏"شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>ده تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

که ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزد."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

،٣ صفحه (XII<br />

٢ صفحه<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong>صل میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

‏(تحت<br />

-A<br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>)‏<br />

Den sie hilft ihm, den Idealismus unter dem Schein seiner Bekaempfung<br />

einzuschmugeln,

118<br />

٦٨A<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ن</strong>يست که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

میدهد که ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت تهی <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

متض<strong>ا</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ که معهذ<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت تهی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مثل يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ حتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد : ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيم<br />

،(herausphilosophieren <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم."‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> فلسفه س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>سم شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

چيزی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />

تفسي<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>و</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لتش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تقليد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ (nachahmen) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل دست<strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ مث<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>و</strong>م:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد."‏ ) und Erkenntnis<br />

فلسفه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه متد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ کلمه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف"‏ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

،١ صفحه (۴٨<br />

nicht aus uns<br />

١٨٩٧، صفحه<br />

)<br />

٦٩<br />

(stärksten)<br />

(Schatz)<br />

(٢٠٠<br />

(١۴<br />

(٢٧<br />

،Irrtum صفحه<br />

<strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong>لف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس مدتی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تم<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی که<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏’<strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی گز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کلمه<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

(Revue de Philosophie, 1907, Nr. 10 S.399)<br />

۶٨<br />

-A

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 119<br />

٢- خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏<br />

‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٩٠۵)<br />

X-XI<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه مقدمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏<br />

‏"يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ء</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تم<strong>ا</strong>م مع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تهی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ف.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>چ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکست<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ‏(<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت)‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ف.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏’<strong>و</strong>سيله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت‘،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مع<strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص ‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>جع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ دست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جستهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که،‏ مث ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کليه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ‏(صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />

٧٠<br />

das )<br />

(١٧٠<br />

(۴٠١<br />

١، صفحه<br />

A<br />

(۵٣<br />

،(۵٠<br />

(vorgefundene<br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏"يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت"،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />

‏"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده"؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>گفت،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

-A

120<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فضيلت"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فته دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هستيم،‏ ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>؟ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست کل <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی معم<strong>و</strong>لی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد ي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>سيله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(که،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يجت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيشته ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د"‏ س<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که مغز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تد<strong>ا</strong>خل <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد.‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ي<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده<br />

،(vorgefundene <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>و</strong> خط هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت کلمه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت هيچ کد<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مسئله ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف گفت که:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م)‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏ ‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> سه،‏ صفحه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع خيلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت:‏ م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لحق،‏ يک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ن</strong>يستم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يستم که د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمع<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>قصيد؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زخ<strong>ن</strong>د زد که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د که<br />

مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د حتی يک کلمه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>گفت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"سه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست).‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>؟<br />

das<br />

)<br />

–<br />

-<br />

(١٠٨<br />

–<br />

٩<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(XI<br />

A<br />

–<br />

B<br />

-A<br />

-B<br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ‏"يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت"،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />

‏"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مش<strong>ا</strong>هده"؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>گفت،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد<br />

يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong>قص که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ز<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع <strong>ر</strong>قص <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 121<br />

٣- عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

مسئله عليت د<strong>ر</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> خط فلسفی ه<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يسم"‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>حی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ل.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>.‏ ه<strong>ا</strong>يم که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong>يم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ل زد؛ ه<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مذه<strong>ب</strong>"‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ن</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>طقی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ هدف <strong>و</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه خصيصه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقيديم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ظمی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئيز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئيز <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>؟ که هدف <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که،‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هيچ<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> چشم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست زمي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يض<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>ف يک س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>ف يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع س<strong>ا</strong>عت <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد <strong>ب</strong>چ<strong>ر</strong>خد؟ چه مهملی!‏ <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه چيست؟ هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> تميز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

چيزی مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ هدف <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> هستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ هدف،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م)‏ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شکلی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ هدف،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دش م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه تميز د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ هدف،‏<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز حد<strong>و</strong>ث <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ هدف،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>دأ <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دِ‏ يک هستی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ هدف <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتی می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> تَ‏ ‏َعُي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظم<br />

۴٨<br />

nicht )<br />

–<br />

(sinn-, D.h. gegenstandlose Wörte<br />

(dissolute)<br />

(an sich)

122<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

خ<strong>ر</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> هستی تقسيم میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی"‏ VII) ،Werke, Band ،١٩٠٣ صفحه – ٢۵ (۵١٨<br />

يکی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> عليت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ کليه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> خط فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<br />

عليت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه خط <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می<strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong>می ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ خط ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله عليت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />

‏(که عليت هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش ضعيفت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>قيقت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مغز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله خ<strong>ا</strong>ص عليت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کسی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی دقت هم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حتی<br />

ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ عليت،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>و</strong>ضع<br />

<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏(تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> کلی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهميم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ عليت،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ علته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص،‏<br />

معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط کلیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گيتی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> هم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>و</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>و</strong>ل فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> علته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت علت میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عکس،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يچيده میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل هميشه ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

(natürlich)<br />

٧١<br />

(۶<br />

–<br />

۵<br />

(٨

چ(‏<br />

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 123<br />

می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک ميش<strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ‏"محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ (Naturnotwendigkeiten)<br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

میدهد.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>می ح<strong>ر</strong>کت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> يکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز لح<strong>ا</strong>ظ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دد متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>ا</strong>دف<strong>ا</strong>ت ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

که ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<br />

ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت،‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د دقت<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‘‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:...‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی علّی که م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت میدهيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی<br />

محض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>دش يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ژ.‏ ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی دقتی <strong>و</strong><br />

خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که قل<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده ت<strong>ا</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ژ.‏ ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>فی مستقيم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد.‏<br />

ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

علمی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> گم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>س<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل علته<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل علته<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد."‏ ‏(صفحه ٩۴) ‏"علته<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />

تفک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ل حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ل حسی <strong>ب</strong>ه علته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

-٩<br />

،(٢۴٨<br />

(١٩٠٣<br />

(a priori)<br />

–<br />

٩۵<br />

(Naturzusammenhang)<br />

(٣٨<br />

..."<br />

٧٣<br />

(۴٢<br />

٧٢<br />

(٢٢)<br />

(aposteriori)

124<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم يک حقيقت،‏ حقيقت يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

هم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم که يک علت،‏ علت يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

شيئ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٠٠)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی گفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ژ.ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی علّی د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ق<strong>ا</strong>طی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه خط د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم.‏<br />

يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

٩٨) ‏"علت<br />

–<br />

٩٩<br />

Philosophie als Denken der welt gemäss dem Prinzip des kleinsten<br />

٨١<br />

Kraftmaßes<br />

جست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

علت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ (erfahren) هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يکی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>؛ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی که ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه")‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong><br />

عليت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>فک معل<strong>و</strong>ل میطل<strong>ب</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ٨٢) ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>جه خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش ٨٣، تز)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله عليت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong>يژه،‏ ‏"عليت <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح"‏ )<br />

صفحه ۴٣٢)، میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>می ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م عليت)‏ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خ زحمت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میکشد)‏ مسئله عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت حل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهيم."‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>طقی<br />

‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فيزيکی،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم <strong>ن</strong>مي<strong>ر</strong>سد که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه علت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه معل<strong>و</strong>ل."‏ ‏(صفحه ۴٧۴،<br />

١٨٩٧) ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ا</strong>ز مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

(treiben) ح<strong>ا</strong>صل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(صفحه ۴٩۵)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مسئله گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

، "Wärmlehre" ٧٤ , Auflage<br />

auflage<br />

(erfahren)<br />

–<br />

٣٩<br />

،<br />

3

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 125<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که ص<strong>ر</strong>ف گفت<strong>ن</strong> ‏"هم <strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />

ت<strong>ب</strong>عی"‏ کشفی د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"فيتیشيسم"‏ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت"،‏ ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل شد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ محق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"کلمه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل"‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که مفه<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج مش<strong>ا</strong>هده د<strong>ر</strong> شکل مق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ که حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

عل<strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شيمی جزئ<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میز<strong>ن</strong>يم)‏ <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>ظم،‏<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه تحت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ت<strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مهمی که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>جه دقتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت علّی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

دقيق <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ق<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> فط<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عليت،‏ ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش"‏ میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی"‏ مثل<br />

يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"قد<strong>ر</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>غي<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ا</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی جزئی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم،‏ قد<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

قد<strong>ر</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>گه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(؟)‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ک<strong>ا</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> محيط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>فقيت <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ (383.S (Wärmelehre,<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی محيط<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم؟ کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گشت،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

philosophische<br />

(Auflage 3 S.278)<br />

(٣٨٣<br />

(١٨٢<br />

، Studien صفحه ٣٨٨

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<br />

126<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س س<strong>ا</strong>ده ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میت<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ حتی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"تحديد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏<br />

.S) 450 خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی حق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<strong>ء</strong> علم"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م):‏ ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی."‏ ‏(صفحه ٣۶) ‏"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چه ش<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د چه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ حد<strong>ا</strong>قل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>فظهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٨۵) ‏"خصيصه ج<strong>ا</strong>مع ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش فصل سه گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ " ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>."‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی)‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>خت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> متد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

مسئله عليت شده،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تز زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش :(II ‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت)‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستم<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی محص<strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٣٩)<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيست م<strong>ا</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يز غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ حم<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ميم<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص می<strong>ر</strong>سد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديکته میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديکته میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ن</strong>کته مهم تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />

خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

خط میدهد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

معم<strong>و</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>ده که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه يک خ<strong>ر</strong>د ‏"شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لهی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی م<strong>ا</strong>خی که ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میدهد"‏ يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

خي<strong>ر</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چقد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تميز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مهم <strong>ا</strong>ز لفظ <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong> صميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

تع<strong>ر</strong>يف میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ) 2, Auflage<br />

(٨٧<br />

–<br />

۴

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 127<br />

(٣١<br />

ژ.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> جلدی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه د<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"حتی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز،‏ صد <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

هي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ديت <strong>و</strong> عليت جس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلج میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏("مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،‏<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ صفحه ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ‏"جس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل عليت که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ چيز<br />

م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يده ‏"فيتیشيسم"،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓه،‏<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>في<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م مدت <strong>ا</strong>ز ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ح<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

میزد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> حتی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>و</strong>ضع هي<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستیه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می،‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز،‏ فيتیشيسم"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ضل<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"حقيقت<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د که يک جسم تحت مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ق گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل ش<strong>و</strong>يم؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>طل<strong>ب</strong>يم."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>!‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت هميشه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> میدهد؛ حتی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>دهد."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

‏[چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جسمی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مسي<strong>ر</strong> AB ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت C می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> F <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه؟<br />

‏"چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟"‏ ‏(صفحه زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"تعيي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کشف ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی ژزف <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>صفی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که تز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جمع تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی حتی ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>صل شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مسلم شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>می تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />

(٣٢<br />

seine<br />

)<br />

٣۴<br />

(٣٧<br />

(٣۵<br />

[<br />

A<br />

"<br />

(٣۵<br />

(٣۶<br />

سمت D<br />

..."<br />

(Geltung<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جسمی که تح<strong>ر</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> جهت خط گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

Warun bewegt sich bei einem Stoss in der Richtung AB der Koerper<br />

nach C, nicht aber nach D oder F usw S.158 P.1

(۴٠<br />

128<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>ست که حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی."‏<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده مح<strong>و</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> سطح ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد که تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ <strong>ن</strong>قش تخيل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح،‏ ‏"هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد،‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزش <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل شخصيت د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ حتی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ي<strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تحت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

‏"تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی غ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>زيم غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت طل<strong>ب</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت)‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>..‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک <strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک<br />

حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ل<strong>ا</strong>زم يک تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مقدمت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

يک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>يم."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ صفحه ٧۶)<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏[<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> جلد مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong><br />

شده د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏"مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی لغزيده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک س<strong>و</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عليت يک کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>هفته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که گفتگ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تميز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عليت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت عقيده د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong><br />

يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ‏"دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ژ.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

کل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"تعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>طقی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت م<strong>و</strong>ضع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>خشد؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه،‏<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

(٧٣<br />

(۶۵<br />

B<br />

[<br />

A<br />

.١٩٠۶<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:‏<br />

und mit diesem "logischen Apriori"<br />

B- Petzoldt, "Das Weltproblem von positivischem Standpunkte aus",<br />

١٩٠۶ صفحه<br />

(erfahrungsmässige)<br />

١٣٠، هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏<br />

لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />

محيط م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

عليت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 129<br />

(Merkmal)<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ن</strong>طقی ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که ‏’ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت‘‏ يک صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه<br />

‏’<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘‏ ،((transzendental=) ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهم <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> گفته<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی<br />

صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>می<br />

،"gegen die Schulweisheit"<br />

(sprachlich)<br />

A<br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ ١٩٠۵ صفحه ٩١)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

‏’خ<strong>ر</strong>د مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی‘‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می که <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده يک’<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ی‘‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی که مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> مسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف حقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ که حتی يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يسم"‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>خت:‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏(که کل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی"‏<br />

خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقی،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ست که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چيزی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ؛ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که همه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong>ه."‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عکس م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کتش<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سیسيسم،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> فيلي<strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز عم<strong>و</strong>میت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يزيسی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ که غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک م<strong>ب</strong>دأ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />

"<br />

–<br />

‛Trägheitsgesetz’<br />

"<br />

-A<br />

ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

La valeur de la science<br />

–<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم)،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏<br />

،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧<br />

٩ <strong>و</strong><br />

) ز<strong>ا</strong><br />

م)‏ هست<br />

يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه

<strong>پ</strong>"‏<br />

ص(‏<br />

130<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تجديد میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>جه خ<strong>ا</strong>می<br />

ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهيم که ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ظم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ‏"ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط"‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

مشخص،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مسلم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس حق<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی که گفت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مقدم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح،‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

يکی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز صف<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط فلسفی،‏<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی متخصص،‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>و</strong>لکم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی که د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ حقيقت ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جستج<strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

٧٥ A<br />

.<br />

B<br />

(۴٢۴<br />

<strong>و</strong>لکم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ همه ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد <strong>و</strong> مثل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستخ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستخ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،‏ عليت،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل تم<strong>ا</strong>می ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>تس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ ي<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong> لغزيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص چ<strong>ن</strong>د کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم.‏ همه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی قطعی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش هي<strong>و</strong>می<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خط هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

همه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حتی يک کلمه هم <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ<br />

A - Annalen der Naturphilosophie ٧۵ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong> هشتم،‏ صفحه ۴٠٩<br />

B.VI, 1907, S 443, 447<br />

،Kantstudien کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

Das Erkenntnisprblem und Machs<br />

‏(مسئله مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><br />

-B

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 131<br />

–<br />

٧٦<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ چيز سخت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"مخل<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی خ<strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>لص مثل يک هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> شط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج"‏ همه ‏"سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏(مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد...‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت حقيقی؛ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سيستم <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ که چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>ديست!)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ست که تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

جهت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٨٨) ‏"ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه...‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...‏<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی...‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> که چيز،‏ يک<br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>ست که زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی علمی:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی يک ‏"ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"،‏<br />

يک سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که مثل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی مدتی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٠٩)<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س دلقک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ‏"جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> همه سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>خشد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم!‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظم ح<strong>ر</strong>کت سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong>قتی حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>قم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ست<strong>و</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ کلمه کل<strong>ا</strong>م،‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه عقل کل،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه چيزی که مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

مغزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ چيزی <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل قديمی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٩، <strong>و</strong>قتی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>يمه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> يک شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong>يلهلم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط علّی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>ل يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف،‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ديکته میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ صفحه ۴١)<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٔخذ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"ق<strong>و</strong>ل يک<br />

فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف"‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست"‏ تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده،‏ ق<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>!‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ص<strong>ر</strong>ف"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل که ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

(١٨٧<br />

–<br />

٧٧<br />

١٩۴<br />

(١٧٩<br />

١٩٠۴<br />

،... صفحه<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ "...

132<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سلسله<strong>ا</strong>ی متد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

‏("<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه"،‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز،‏ ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏<br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی که کليه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حل<br />

ق<strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه متعلق <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک کل مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ ۴٠) ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دک فيزيکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئيز می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل زمست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ هم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>...‏ چی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف؟<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی فع<strong>ا</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

شم<strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظمی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ضعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مختص<strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله عليت تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میغلط<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

١٩٠۵<br />

(٢٠٧<br />

١، صفحه<br />

(۵٧<br />

۴- ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تفک<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> مسئله ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدت د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل ‏’ص<strong>ر</strong>ف حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی‘‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میده<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong> علم ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ۶٩ ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong>..."‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> ‏"شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

(Zusammenhang)

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 133<br />

Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemaess dem Prinzip den kleinsten<br />

(١٨٧۶) Kraftmasses<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ‏(کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میده<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ تحت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د ‏"حذف شده"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م گشته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی محض ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی تحت<br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه.‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمده د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏<br />

مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م)<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

فلسفی تصديق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>چم ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی صفحه دفعت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میدهد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل"‏ مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيست؟ دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> ‏"فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م"‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>تم تقسيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دیت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که عليه لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مق<strong>و</strong>له ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ شخص فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

عل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ش ‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت دست میز<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت ‏(صفحه ‎٣۶۶‎؛<br />

تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ٣٩١): ‏"هدف فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت علمی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>...،‏ متي<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>...‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز کل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی کسی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که هدف علم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

حقيقی ‏(متي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

١٨٧٢<br />

–<br />

Wärmelehre<br />

(٣۶۶<br />

(۴٩<br />

(٣۶۶

134<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی کسی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ مدل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> می <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

يک کلمه ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه زشت <strong>و</strong> مهمل <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کلمه ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ستی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فصلی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده"‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

‏’ع<strong>ر</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

‏"’ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف‘‏ ‏(کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی‘‏ ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏’ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> هستی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه‘‏ ‏(گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ن</strong><br />

همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کمی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت،‏ يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ "<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک مدل <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ گفته شده:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> هستی،‏ مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ که<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف خط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شک ک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز تزلزل فلسفی عجي<strong>ب</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> لغزشه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قدمی د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد<br />

می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />

فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هيچ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> چيزی میدهد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه<strong>ء</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>،‏ مثل يک مق<strong>و</strong>له ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی،‏ يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ط م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد.‏<br />

ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد قطعه زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جسمی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>و</strong>حدت تعيي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی خصيصه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> کسی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

کج<strong>ا</strong>ست مثل يک <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>لهی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست کمی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

١٨٧٢<br />

،(١٨٧۴<br />

"Kirchhoff"<br />

،(١٨٧٢<br />

Zur Kritik der machschen Philosophie<br />

١٩٠٣ صفحه (٢٧<br />

(Subjekt)<br />

١٩٠٧، صفحه<br />

(١٣١<br />

Philosophie") ،"Systematisch ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />

–<br />

(١٣٠<br />

(٢٨١<br />

–<br />

(١٨۴۴<br />

(١٢٨

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 135<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی جيمز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> لف<strong>ا</strong>ظی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد،‏ کل گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سه<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی."‏ ‏("<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"،‏ جلد<br />

يک،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه ٨٢)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ر</strong>سيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

سطح ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ميده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش عميقی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست میدهد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ که <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ‏’<strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست‘‏ چيست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۵٢)<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ عل<strong>ن</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که يک فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خلع سل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی ت<strong>ر</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />

–<br />

(٣٠<br />

–<br />

٧٨<br />

[<br />

(٣١<br />

A<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم عل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د"!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

–<br />

–<br />

صفحه ٣٠)<br />

Dieses Subjekt unternahm es, öffentlich über die Philosophie des Marxismus zu<br />

schwatzen, um nun zu erklären, dass ihm die elementarsten Sätze des Materialismus<br />

"unklar" seien! Engels zeigte an dem Beispiel Dühring, das seine halbwegs<br />

konsequente Philosophie die Einheit der Welt entweder aus dem Denken ableiten

136<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده مشخص میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کسی که چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ جدی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ حقيقی <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مهمل محض د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم عمده،‏ همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط هستی"‏ ‏(ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۵١)، د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مسلمی که ‏"قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"دقيق <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه علمی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کلمه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شده ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خصيصه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> خصيصه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>پ</strong>یمی<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل مسلمی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت که <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />

گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست – چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>جدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست جدی،‏ ژ<strong>و</strong>زف<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف جلد د<strong>و</strong>م ‏"مقدمه"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>و</strong>زه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت؛ ط<strong>ر</strong>ح تعيي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک د<strong>ر</strong>ک همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ا</strong>فتد."‏ <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز خط <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ "... شخص ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>يت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د که هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ح<strong>و</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد."‏ ‏(صفحه ٧٩) "... شک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت هميشه <strong>ب</strong>ه تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>حدت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ شک <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی سک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>ب</strong>لیم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ گفت که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ صحيحت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عملی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong>حدت...‏ <strong>ا</strong>صل ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد...‏ ‏[ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ههکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تک سل<strong>و</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک<br />

مشکل ق<strong>ب</strong>لی د<strong>و</strong> مشکل ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مشک<strong>و</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ر</strong>ز تک سل<strong>و</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشخص<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق،‏<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

(Haeckel)<br />

A<br />

[<br />

٢٩<br />

(endgueltig)<br />

(einheitlich)<br />

(fraglich)<br />

kann – dann ist sie gegenüber dem Spiritualismus und Fideismus hilflos (Anti<br />

Dühring, S. 30) und die Argumentation einer solchen Philosophie läuft<br />

unausweichlich auf Taschespielerphrasen hinaus -<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ههکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> سلسله گي<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی يک حل حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

Haeckels Vorschlag, neben Pflanzen und Tierreich ein Reich der Protisten zu stellen,<br />

war kein haltbare Loesung, da… S. 170

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 137<br />

حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>و</strong>سيله ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متخصصي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>أی <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨١<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>قت<br />

علمی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست".‏<br />

(٨٠ –<br />

۵- مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز همه د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم می<strong>ا</strong>يستد <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شکله<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

هستی مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ،Werke) صفحه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حس،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>عً<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقی<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هستی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت حقيقت<br />

مطلق می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ مچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>هميت حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست)‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مستقيم<br />

(٣٣٢<br />

...(Wesensbedingung)

138<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی هستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> که چه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ع<strong>و</strong>ض میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>يده زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ۴١)<br />

٧٩<br />

–<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که حتی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچه<strong>ا</strong> هم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د که کُ<strong>ن</strong>ه مطل<strong>ب</strong><br />

چيست!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد که<br />

عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />

شخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>دهيم.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست فلسفی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ زي<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />

کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>هه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>طع <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز،‏ مثل ح<strong>ا</strong>لت کلی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ تذک<strong>ر</strong> میدهد که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی همه هستی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> مهمل ف<strong>ا</strong>حش <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل،‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت عليه مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>حش خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>فهمد،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سل <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"علت غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ ‏(که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong>")‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ف فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی شک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ملحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه دهد که حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong>يشه مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong><br />

خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ ‏(چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> متزلزل <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 139<br />

تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> يک س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ‏"علت غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"مح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی مح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><br />

شخص <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت حق<strong>و</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز حک<strong>و</strong>مته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع مستقيم ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"مهمل"‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سط<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

فلسفی،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک،‏ تسليم ي<strong>ا</strong> ضعف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته م<strong>ا</strong>خ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم می<strong>ا</strong>فتد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>،‏ مثل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه مدف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میدهد <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شخص ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله غل<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ قيمتی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد.‏ <strong>و</strong> فقط همي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعی که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ديم،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ عليه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏("مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد)،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>و</strong>ضع کلی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ مقدم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چقد<strong>ر</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی،‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی جهت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

(wohlgeordnete)<br />

،Auflage 3 صفحه (۴٩٨<br />

(٣٨٣<br />

٣۵٠<br />

(Auslösung)<br />

،"Mechanik")

140<br />

زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی،‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۴٣۴)<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی مفه<strong>و</strong>م زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

مثل د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جهت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> زيستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

محيط <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مسئله میل<strong>و</strong>لد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معم<strong>و</strong>ل غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه ميدهد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏‛<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت مدت ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> مدتی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میستيزد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ کج<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيکی که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشغله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"مض<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که شخص مقيد <strong>ن</strong>يست ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ Arbeit") ،"Erhaltung der صفحه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده)‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ‏"يک محد<strong>و</strong>ديت غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحميل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

هيچ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />

،٢٩<br />

(unschädlich)<br />

..."<br />

(۴۴٣ – ۴۴<br />

١٨٧٢<br />

(das bloss Gedachte)<br />

‏(صفحه ۴۴٢)<br />

۵۵<br />

" ی<strong>ب</strong>

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 141<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>دی صد<strong>ا</strong>ی مشخصی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيم."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٧) ‏"دليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />

يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ملک<strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيده<strong>ا</strong>يم."‏<br />

١٨٧٢<br />

(unbestreitbare Überlegung)<br />

‏(صفحه ٣٠)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه،‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏"محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"؛ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی که م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ئی که سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ن</strong>يست جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د ‏("مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه ۴١٨)، <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست مسئله <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م)‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس"‏ <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />

چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ژ.‏<br />

ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز لق<strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>مک ق<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>عظ میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ،‏ يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلمه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست گفت.‏ ‏[ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع علم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل علم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز هست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ علم شک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد د<strong>ر</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز ‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

[<br />

B<br />

–<br />

A<br />

–<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

(٢۵٢<br />

١٨٧٢<br />

A- Anton von Leclair, Der Realismus der modernen Naturwissenschaft im Lichte der<br />

von Berkeley und Kant angebahnten Erkenntniskritik<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت"،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ ١٨٧٩<br />

B- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ دليل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>ک علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

Machs Betrachtung ist der Übergang aus dem Lager der Naturwissenschaft in das des<br />

Fideismus.

١٨٧٢<br />

142<br />

فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز سه دهه س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

علم د<strong>ر</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی عظيم <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>گيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مثل س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"مض<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که مسئله فض<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏ُ<strong>ب</strong>عد n<strong>ا</strong>ُم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معق<strong>و</strong>ل"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ه حق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میگي<strong>ر</strong>د مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>و</strong> مفيد يک<br />

فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ُعدی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متعددی که مشکل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تصميم <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ده<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عد چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>!‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع دف<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که شم<strong>ا</strong> متدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل چيزی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ق<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ هدف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

میج<strong>ن</strong>گيد <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمی که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يد!‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسيته،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دست م<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده که <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>عد چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م کمک<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏<br />

يک دليل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ دليلی که م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دست<br />

–<br />

٨۵<br />

n<br />

‏"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ Fall) (ein wirklicher<br />

(۴٨٣<br />

–

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 143<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٢ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م هيچ کس <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيده<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ گفته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز قصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

(Die Kosten einer Spukgeschichte bestreiten wird)<br />

١٨٢١ ۵<br />

(١٨۴<br />

(۶<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خدمت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خدمت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏"قصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح"‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فقط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />

مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک قصه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زي<strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>ش لح<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />

مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه")‏<br />

‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ئه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معل<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل ش<strong>و</strong>يم:‏ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> خص<strong>و</strong>صي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی م<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ ]" ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏(زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong> عظيم،‏ ق<strong>و</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ محت<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ط<strong>ب</strong>ق معم<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيق تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت تقسيم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong><br />

محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩١، خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> دقيق م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ که تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق ک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هيچ<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>می هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩٢)<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

– م)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> شي<strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

-A<br />

Sie befinden sich nicht in den Dingen, sondern sind unsere Art (our mode), die Dinge<br />

wahrzunehmen S. 179

٨٠A<br />

144<br />

‏"<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>حی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم يک ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مسئله مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت،‏ <strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم عقيده ل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س:‏ ‏"علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />

مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د..."‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

ميک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک علم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ محق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>خش<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> يک گي<strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

دهد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معطل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شته شده س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک ي<strong>ا</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏ ‏(صفحه ل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ده"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قد ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>."‏ ژ.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل يک مد<strong>ا</strong>فع <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش مث<strong>ب</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خص<strong>و</strong>صي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشم<strong>ن</strong>د ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

علم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم..."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>زد دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

محققي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی"‏ ‏(صفحه می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏’خ<strong>ا</strong>لص‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>له،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً!‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مغش<strong>و</strong>ش خيلی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ مضحکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف حتی شک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی"‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

(٣٠۴<br />

(۶٧<br />

C<br />

، جلد ،١<br />

٨٠<br />

٨١B<br />

A- علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

ژ-‏ ‏.م.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>تلی،‏ ‏"مجله فلسفی"‏ ، جلد ششم،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>-‏ ژ.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل،‏ ‏"علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ١٨٩٢، صفحه ۴۵۴<br />

،١٨٩٢ صفحه ٣٠٠<br />

٨١<br />

۵ س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ،١٨٩٧ صفحه ۵٢٣<br />

.<br />

B<br />

C

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 145<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> جمله <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>شت فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هشت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع"‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهملی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ئی شم<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستيد ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع"‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهيد.‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>زل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک فلسفه ج<strong>ا</strong>مع<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش محض.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د همه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خصيصه قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ق<strong>ا</strong>طی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مخيله ت<strong>و</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong>هل <strong>و</strong> ستمديده <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ی حفظ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>سيده يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی غذ<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ که<strong>ن</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عشق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong>گز که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>سيده <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>صيحته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>يضي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عشق <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی!‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مطلق،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> يک قطعه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست"‏ که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خيلی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong>لز-<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>قل<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>م که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٧٩٢ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه)‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ١٠٠)<br />

دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً!‏ ش<strong>و</strong>لز،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م که م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>میدهد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ ٢٣ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که طی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صد<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

–<br />

١٨٩۶<br />

مه ١٨٩۴)<br />

(vorhandenen)<br />

١٧٩٢

-<br />

–<br />

146<br />

تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جمع <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيلف ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه،‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏<br />

که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ کمک ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>يل ه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong>دسی،‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک،‏ صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مج<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد يک چيز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله د<strong>و</strong>م ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ تشخيص دهد.‏<br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ‏"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>هميت عم<strong>و</strong>می"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٣۴)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ غلط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که هم<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>هميت عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ هيچ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>،‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د گذشته زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خلقت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش علم ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل مذه<strong>ب</strong>)‏ مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست که زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong>ست عکس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تط<strong>ب</strong>يق میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

٢۶)، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

(Hering)<br />

۶- <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

١۴٠<br />

–<br />

۴٠<br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی د<strong>ر</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی"‏ دليلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته دقيق <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>"‏ مسئله ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"صفحه شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

٨٢A<br />

٨٢<br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ "... يک صفحه شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خط<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ل<strong>ا</strong>مذه<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يم."‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يتت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong>فيق ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>زج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که ل<strong>ا</strong>س زد<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

-A

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 147<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> حتی ‏"شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه خيل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د".‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکسته ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"هگل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong>ک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>ق دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جسمی <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ صدق میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز هم جد<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

تصميم گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ١٣<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>حظ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مي<strong>ن</strong>هد،‏ تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ی دليل خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل ‏"شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ که<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>طقی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏"تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يفی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع تع<strong>ر</strong>يف<br />

مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع ‏(مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س)‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(مثل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی تط<strong>ب</strong>يق ده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تع<strong>ر</strong>يف عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی؛ ‏"گيجی"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد!)‏ گل<strong>ا</strong>يه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>"‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

Naturnotwendigkeiten<br />

٨٣<br />

(١١٢ –<br />

–

ئشي<br />

" ت<strong>ب</strong><br />

148<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong>لث<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>قل شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ چه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد،‏ چيزی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏<br />

‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ‏"فيتيشه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته چيزی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> کمی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>و</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تک<strong>ا</strong>مل شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت جمعی <strong>ب</strong>ه مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی معت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته،‏<br />

‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> هستيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم،‏ مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ح<strong>ا</strong>صل گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل مع<strong>ر</strong>فت خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فتی که ج<strong>ا</strong>ی جهل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی يک شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong>ز جهلی که ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عملی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏(جهش حي<strong>ا</strong>تی م)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جهشی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میدهد.‏ حتی يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حمق)‏ فلسفه،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهشی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>میدهد.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کسی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قف ‏"علم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

خفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د محيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میطل<strong>ب</strong>د،‏ يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک چيزی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ همي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم،‏ که ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده)‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میش<strong>و</strong>يم.‏ س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده)‏ حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ديست.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه چيست؟ ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم د<strong>ر</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>لی،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

–<br />

"<br />

salto vitale

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 149<br />

[<br />

A<br />

مهمل م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ ‏"تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>شت<br />

فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> کمی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تکهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> کليه مق<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که چه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هگل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس مسئله ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی يک صفحه معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"مق<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی که د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>هل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش،‏ فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ:‏<br />

‏"صحت م<strong>و</strong>ضع ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک علم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

علم ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله تصميم <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>فقيته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده گذشته <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>دهيم،‏ می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ی ضم<strong>ن</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

تحقيق ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه<br />

(subjektives Gewicht)<br />

(٢٨٢ – ٨٣<br />

..."<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک جد<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شته ‏"تحقيق"‏ محد<strong>و</strong>د شده،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق،‏ فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی،‏ <strong>و</strong> کليه<br />

<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>جز ‏"تحقيق"،‏ مسئله <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ فضل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ق ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دم يک ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هستم،"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

جستج<strong>و</strong>ی کس<strong>ب</strong> يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که هم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هيچ ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ چ<strong>ر</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکِ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> کشف ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قص مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(صفحه ع<strong>ا</strong>لی!‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه عميقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>دً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کسی که د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

..." :<br />

(٢٨٣<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>حمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم دليل يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج فلسفه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

-A<br />

Hier die Betrachtung eines solchen Obskuranten, des Ordinarismus der Philosophie<br />

an der Wiener Universität Ernst Mach. S. 188

(٢٨٣<br />

150<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(صفحه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>لمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>!‏ ي<strong>ا</strong>،‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏"ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>")‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<br />

‏[شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک.‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز لس<strong>و</strong>يچ ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه سطحی عل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شيفته چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهملی شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دست<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>چگی<br />

مهمل م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong> دلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>يست:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خيلی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميل<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>سيد س<strong>و</strong>لف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

محمل<strong>ا</strong>ش متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست...‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم)‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>شد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />

حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز خي<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه،‏ صفحه ۴٣۴) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏("غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی)‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"تمثيل"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد!‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده هستيم ‏]؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏[ه<strong>ر</strong> هگل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>س زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيم!‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>قت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میش<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معص<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زخم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>يز س<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی ت<strong>و</strong>صيفی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ ي<strong>ا</strong>فت که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت<br />

ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ژ.‏<br />

،Willensmetaphysik يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ مستث<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

D<br />

.[<br />

B<br />

:<br />

A<br />

(willen)<br />

("irgenseins" Hegel)<br />

(voluntaristisch)<br />

..."<br />

،[<br />

C<br />

‏[<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

E<br />

-A<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"عق<strong>ا</strong>يد مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>کيد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خص<strong>و</strong>صی م<strong>ر</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

تحميل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه،‏ صفحه ۴٣۴)<br />

B- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی خشکه مقدسگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يکه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>زس<strong>و</strong>يچ<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏<br />

Dass die russischen Ideologen des Kleinbürgertums, die Volkstümler von<br />

Lessewitsch bis Tschernow für eine so fade Philosophie Sympathie hegen, ist nicht<br />

verwunderlich S. 187<br />

-C<br />

-D<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> هگل<br />

/<br />

/<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی = willen<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی = Hegel "irgendeines"<br />

E- Archiv für systematische Philosophie, Bd II, 1898, S.63

فصل س<strong>و</strong>م 151<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی که د<strong>ر</strong> علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی؛ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ششم،‏ صفحه ٨٧)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ِ.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد؛ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ن</strong>زديکی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ حتی ل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ن</strong>يز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گ ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>زِ‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز تصديق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه مگ<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

B<br />

D<br />

A<br />

C<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه فلسفی"،‏ جلد<br />

، XIV ،۵ ،١٩٠۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ،۵٣۶<br />

-A<br />

۵۴٨ ،۵۴٧ ،۵۴۶<br />

B- E. Lucka, "Das Erkenntnisproblem und Machs, Analyse de Empfindungen‘" in<br />

"Kantstudien", Bd. VIII, 1903 S. 400<br />

C - "Systematische Philosophie", Leipzig 1907, S. 131<br />

D - Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie", Bd. 4, 9. Auflage, Berlin 1903, S. 250

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 153<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />

مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

-١<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ء</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م)‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی –<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز محفله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت!"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت)‏ <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

عميقت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سگز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ز<strong>و</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشتم...‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>قت)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>سيدم...‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

حتی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م."‏ ‏("تحليل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه ٢٩٢)<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خط هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق"‏ (١٨٧۶) خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

‏(<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل مطلق"‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

،١٨٧۶<br />

٨٤<br />

Kritik der reinen Erfahrung

۵۶<br />

(IV<br />

154<br />

صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> چيست؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"تصفيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چه چيز تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز علم لمّی.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏["<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق،‏ ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئد مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حذف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فضيلت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> عليت تصفيه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز خط فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف م<strong>ا</strong>خ يکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مسئله ‏"تصفيه<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تصفيه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه علم لمّی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خطی شد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ش<strong>و</strong>لز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س،‏ يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> ژ.گ فيشته،‏ يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ش<strong>و</strong>لز<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> شک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>می تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم ‏(صفحه ‎٢۵‎‏)؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

‏(صفحه ١١٢)، عليت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ ‏(صفحه کسی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهد.‏ ‏(صفحه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ‏"دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>هيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه عليت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهيم.‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

که عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

١۴٢) ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز ‏(که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز عقل م<strong>ا</strong><br />

۵۶<br />

(١١٣<br />

١٧٩٢<br />

(١٠٠<br />

(١١۴<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

(٩۵<br />

٧٢<br />

١۶١<br />

،۵۶<br />

(۵٧<br />

(Wie erfahren niemals)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(١۴١<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ‏‛مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>‛‏ ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد ‏"خ<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه حذف<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />

Dagegen dürfte die Frage, ob aus dem Inhalt des Erfahrungen gleicherweise die Zutat<br />

der 'apriorischen Verstandesbegriffe' entfernt… S.192

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 155<br />

(Gemut)<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>يز میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>می مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز عقل مطلق ‏"دليل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد که ه<strong>ر</strong> عمل<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قضيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢۶۶) ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />

<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧٢<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>و</strong>لز هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تسليم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"دگمی"‏ که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه حتی ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی فيشته م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت هيچ تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم"‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

فيشته يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ‏"م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(صفحه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

مفس<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی فيل <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>و</strong> فيل<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong>.‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه شم<strong>ا</strong>،‏ که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د!"‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ) Werke,<br />

(Gemut)<br />

(٢۶٨ –<br />

(۴٨٠<br />

(۴٨٣<br />

(٢۶۵<br />

،Bd. 1 صفحه<br />

(۴٨٣<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س شديد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

‏"تصفيه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز علم لمّی <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده گ<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خط که<strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>و</strong> ژ.‏ گ.‏ فيشته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه مید<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>شت ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل ‏"تصفيه<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د".‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حذف ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد که شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تی،‏ <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تیست،‏ که<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> عليتی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>که شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>فيش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong>لز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>هسيدم<strong>و</strong>س ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میزد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل مطلق که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> عقل مطلق ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی علم لَمّی)‏ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته

156<br />

شده،‏ شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل مطلق که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ١٨۶٩، جلد ۵، صفحه ١١۵)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز عجي<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خی ي<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ ، د<strong>ر</strong> کل جدل م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی عليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>قم ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش زد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏"ک<strong>و</strong>ششی مفل<strong>و</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک يک مص<strong>ا</strong>لحه – شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..."‏<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش محض <strong>و</strong> فهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>صلی فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ مص<strong>ا</strong>لحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>،‏ ش<strong>ر</strong>کت د<strong>و</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فلسفی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ تحت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>حم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی سيستم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط عليت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تسليمی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>لکه علم لَمّی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز میطل<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک خ<strong>و</strong>د مج<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق"،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده کلی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د هي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><br />

صفتی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ن</strong>قد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ‏(شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که گفت<strong>ن</strong>د شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> قدم <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

A<br />

، صفحه ۶٧<br />

٨٥<br />

-A<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خی ي<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ ‏(مثل <strong>ا</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>د)‏ <strong>ا</strong>سم طع<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>ح ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

م -

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 157<br />

٨٦<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زد<strong>ن</strong>د کمک،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>یم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست که<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هميشه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>م مي<strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ملحق شد <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زد:‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>دم!‏ هيچ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />

مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ن</strong>قد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> گذشته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم!‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خيلی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>.‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>لتز هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> فيشيه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong>قدي<strong>ن</strong> دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />

فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مح<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ش<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> فيشته <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خط<strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏(<strong>ب</strong>جز ش<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>طقی"‏ مطلق)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٩ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ست<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ) usw. Der Realismus der modernen Naturwissenschaft,<br />

"(gepfefferter)<br />

(S. 6<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

لکل<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيزت<strong>ر</strong><br />

لکل<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل کشيده<br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ،(Zwitterhaft) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی،‏ مح<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ۴١) ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی)‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />

(Verquickung)

(١٧٠<br />

158<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>شده دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی."‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>مک،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>مک<br />

٩) ‏"فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت فلسفی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت يک خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>حث<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز د<strong>ا</strong>شت:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه خ<strong>ر</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی قديمی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيجدهم)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه جدی عليه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی."‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong> متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> يک چ<strong>ا</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>م:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معص<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد؛ کسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش قدم ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه...‏ ‏"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ سق<strong>و</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"گ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ل"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong>.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده."‏<br />

Die Welt als Wahrnehmung<br />

" (٢۵<br />

Begriff, ،und <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ،١٨٨٠ صفحه<br />

(٢٧<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ 296) S. (Werke, Bd II,<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم يک <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه مهم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ:‏ ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> يک شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ (affiziert)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز<br />

تصديق میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که کس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

چيزی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده،‏ کل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ "... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ‏(م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت...‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

عملی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت تض<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong><br />

هستی.‏ م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س.‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ء</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> حقيقی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ چه تض<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت!"‏ Werke)<br />

مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ٣ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

–<br />

،<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(٢٠٢ –

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 159<br />

٢۶<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی يک تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيشته<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد."‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه گذشته تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong>می ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده."‏ II) ،Grun, op, cit. صفحه ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong>خش ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيیسيسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> کليد د<strong>ر</strong>ک ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حس.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی میفهميم که میفهميم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لهی،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که خد<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> چيزی<br />

خلق میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

يک <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته فک<strong>ر</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ميگ<strong>و</strong>يد)‏ چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>پ</strong>ل میز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ‏’شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه‘‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میشک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه حيله مت<strong>و</strong>سل ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

هم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته س<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏<br />

(۴٩<br />

١٨۵٨<br />

A<br />

(Amphibolie)<br />

(Wesenheit)<br />

A- Albrecht Rau, Ludwig Feuerbachs Philosophie, die Naturforschung und die<br />

philosophische Kritik der Gegenwart (Ludwig Feuerbach’s philosophy, Natural<br />

Science and the Modern Philosophical Critique), Leipzig 1882, S.87 - 89

160<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د)‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(که ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ فلسفه <strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که دک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>شی ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مد شد،‏ <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>سيه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تي<strong>ر</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>صح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که شخصيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>س<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه گي<strong>و</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ‏’ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی‘‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت خُ<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فتخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ حمله ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>شتي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏[که د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ [ ‏(ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليزم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ،(Jaure's) ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مسلط شد<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میدهد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>زی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مغز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی تهيه ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم،‏ ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله مهم که <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سخت مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

‏[ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه يک س<strong>و</strong>سيس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک مزد میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش چ<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش گ<strong>و</strong>شت خ<strong>و</strong>ک میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش يک دزد <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که س<strong>و</strong>سيس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مزه مط<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>عی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغذی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong>گز،‏ سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که هيچ ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ی<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد<br />

که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د شخصی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش خَيّ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سيس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ست چ<strong>ر</strong>خ ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong><br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong>ست شده،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد...‏<br />

١٩٠٠<br />

A<br />

–<br />

٨٧<br />

(Charles Rappoport)<br />

..."<br />

(peinturlurait)<br />

(Sebastien Mercier)<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

…, die in zürich den Marxismus zu reformieren begannen." S. 200

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 161<br />

A<br />

کل مشکل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مسئله غلط ط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> میدهد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه...‏ شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>خل <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تجزيه<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏ خد<strong>ا</strong>ی مسيحي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مید<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ديم که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

فهميد <strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />

مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ب</strong>ز،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>خ<br />

<strong>و</strong> سفيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ <strong>ر</strong>يشه د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که س<strong>ب</strong>ز چيزی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه چيزيست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،...‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

٨٨ B<br />

[<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی که س<strong>و</strong>سيس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه صد س<strong>و</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>شت خ<strong>و</strong>ک تغذيه میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> دزد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سيس خ<strong>و</strong>ش طعم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغزی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د سفسطهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏<br />

مسئله ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>و</strong> کل مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ست...‏<br />

Eine Arbeiter, der eine Wurst ißt und fünf Frank täglich verdient, weiß recht gut, das<br />

er vom Unternehmer bestohlen wird und das er Schweinefleisch ißt, er weiß, dass<br />

sein Unternehmer ein Dieb ist, dass die Wurst einen angenehmen Geschmack hat und<br />

nahrhaft für den Körper ist. Nichts dergleichen, sagt der bürgerlicher Sophist, ganz<br />

gleich, ob der Pyrrhon, Hume oder Kant heißt, die Meinung des Arbeiters über diese<br />

Dinge ist seine persoenliche, d,h, subjective Meinung; mit dem gleichen Recht<br />

könnte er denken, dass der Unternehmer sein Wohltäter ist und daß die Wurst aus<br />

haschierter Haut gemacht ist, dann: das Ding an sich kann er nicht kennen…. Die<br />

ganze Schwierigkeit besteht darin, daß die Frage falsch gestellt ist… S. 200<br />

B- Paul Lafarque, "Le materialism de Marx et l'idealisme de Kant" [Der<br />

Materialismus von Marx und der [Idealismus von Kant] in "Le Socialiste ٨٨ von<br />

25 Februar 1900 S. 201

162<br />

تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صحت د<strong>ا</strong>شت)،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم هيچ<br />

چيزی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ حتی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

(٣۴ – ٣٣<br />

کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>پ</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم چ<strong>ر</strong>خيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق مقدس ه<strong>ر</strong> شخص،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی که د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل طف<strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>يز"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ که ‏"تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کمی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"تکميل"‏ ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

٢- چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليست"،‏<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>.‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏["<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ز ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستِ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک ، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کُمت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ جهل حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مثل همه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ قطعه <strong>ن</strong>قل شده<br />

م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی)‏ ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> خط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که شخص د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ج<strong>ا</strong>هل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />

(Comtes)<br />

[ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ٧٣)<br />

A<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>.‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ٧٣)<br />

"Es ist natuerlich lächerlich zu sehen, wie Herr Tchernow aus Michailowski, dem<br />

Agnostischen Positivisten, dem Anhänger Comtes und Spencers einen Vorlaeufer<br />

von Mach und Avenarius machen möchte." (l.c. S. 73) S. 202

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 163<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يج که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معلم خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست کُمت <strong>و</strong><br />

ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی چد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی عجي<strong>ب</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت گيج ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت تهی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ست ک<strong>ن</strong>ت،‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی،‏ تعد<strong>ا</strong>د زي<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>صل مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کليه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هشت<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

تحت<strong>ا</strong>لفظی ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>ک<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چه کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ز فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong>قع صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>سمی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مهمی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>حم میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ‏("ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ صفحه ٢۵)<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>حم ک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دل<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه چه کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؟<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که ‏(<strong>ن</strong>.‏ ث.‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که،‏ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،‏ ١٨٨۵) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که،‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش جد<strong>ا</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>يل،‏ <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که)‏<br />

‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

صفحه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تحليل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>يل،‏ <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>ه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً"‏<br />

١٨ ،٣<br />

٨٩<br />

–<br />

٩١<br />

١٨٩٢<br />

١٨٩١<br />

=<br />

:Flohknacker)<br />

١٨٨٨<br />

٩٠<br />

١٢٧ ،١٩ –<br />

١٢٠

164<br />

(durchgehend)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يد."‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه که طع<strong>ن</strong>ه میزد؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه يک دسته <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که <strong>ر</strong>يل <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong>ک هي<strong>و</strong>م تصفيه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>حم ک<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دسته گُلِ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong>"‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>حم ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>حم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>چه د<strong>ا</strong>شت يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

متغي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>صلی گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی،‏ ه.‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>)‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش هي<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد شده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>يلی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی لس<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی دل<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د مخص<strong>و</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>س ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک مخص<strong>و</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مخص<strong>و</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه قه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علمی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس صحه ميگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"،‏ ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏(جلد<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش سمت فيزيکی ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> شديد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شديد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>زه <strong>و</strong>ی،‏<br />

A<br />

–<br />

٩٢<br />

(٢٢٩<br />

–<br />

٢، صفحه<br />

١٨٩٢<br />

A- "Bibliotheque du congres international de philosophie", Vol. IV, Henri<br />

Delacroix, "David Hume et la philosophie critique". (Bibliothek des<br />

internationalen Philosophiekongresses, Bd. IV. Henri Delacroix, "David Hume<br />

und die kritische Philosophie". Die Red.) Der verfasser zählt zu den Anhängern<br />

Humes Avenarius und die Immanenzphilosophen in Deutschland, Ch. Renouvier<br />

und seine Schule (die "Neokritizisten") in Frankreich.

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 165<br />

،٢<br />

(٣١<br />

–<br />

٣٠<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يستهت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(جلد<br />

صفحه <strong>و</strong> جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد عقيده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>عص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سعه قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> عليت میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ج تد<strong>ر</strong>يجی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست."‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ه<strong>ر</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏("ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش علم،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد همه ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لم م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی جز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شک کمی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه علم <strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت زي<strong>ا</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

شد."‏ ‏(جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ صفحه ١٧<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

يک ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق يکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حس ميک<strong>ر</strong>دم که شق <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م...‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(حيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ جلد ٢، صفحه ٢١۶)<br />

فلسفه ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong>گهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی"‏ مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی میج<strong>ن</strong>گد،‏ مه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ میز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

(Ward)<br />

–<br />

(١٩ –<br />

‎٣‎‏-[فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس،‏ هم <strong>ر</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

[<br />

A<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ذک<strong>ر</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح<br />

مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ،(Schuppe) لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />

فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دست د<strong>ر</strong> دست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

Die Immanenzphilosophen als Mitstreiter von Mach und Avenarius S. 206

١٩٠٢ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ..."<br />

166<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه م<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيت،‏ ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ همه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که،‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

سمت يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت خيلی که<strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>می ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د..."‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د...‏ م<strong>ن</strong> چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>.‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ ‏"ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق")‏ <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دکی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

گفت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تقديم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که عل<strong>ا</strong>قه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ش<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"تش<strong>و</strong>يق"‏ ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏"تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ‏"ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه ژ.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ که<br />

لس<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مثلث ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ )<br />

(۴<br />

١٨٩۴<br />

Einfuehrung in die<br />

،١٩٠۴ صفحه ،٢٩۵ - Das<br />

A<br />

(٩<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(۴<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم."‏ (۴۶)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ bestehend) (vieleicht nur einstweilen noch<br />

،Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

("Weltproblem", 1906, S. V und 146<br />

،II،٣٢١)<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست ،(Einf. ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته که <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>و</strong><br />

سعی ک<strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>سط معلم مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>يخ شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>و</strong>يلی عليه<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يلی ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ‏"<strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز حد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>زم،‏ محکم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د"‏<br />

که مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>و</strong>يلی<br />

عليه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د.)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

عقيده<strong>ء</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط لکل<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده،‏ ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت ‏"ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق"‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيشيه <strong>پ</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>تلي<strong>ب</strong><br />

فيشته،‏ که <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ر</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> ژزف ديتزگ<strong>ن</strong>)،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

Vierteljahrsschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie, S. 29)<br />

"<br />

١٨٨٢<br />

١٨٧٩<br />

A- "Vierteljahrsschriften fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie", 1894, 18. Jahr-gang,<br />

Heft I, S.29

گل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 167<br />

–<br />

A<br />

–<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مک"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>ق خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>م مد<strong>ر</strong>سي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ق شده ذک<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>ييدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد گفت که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص شم<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س)‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه"‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد"،‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ف.‏ ف.‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د")‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يل ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>)،‏ چ.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مقدمه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی<br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>لز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه،‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

‏"حتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيزد که عليه تک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شدي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ عليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح غي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی دست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ مثل م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

فيزيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> همه دسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د میج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جستج<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> مدخلی <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

يک ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> کلمه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>يه.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>و</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فلسفه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> علم لَمّی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صل دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ل ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>و</strong>م"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تي<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ ه<strong>و</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دست هم فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت،‏ ، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يک همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

١٨٩٣، <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />

٩٥<br />

٩٤<br />

٩٣D<br />

–<br />

١٨٩۶<br />

–<br />

C<br />

B<br />

(Gegen die Schulweisheit)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

L'Annee Philosophique<br />

A- Dr. Richard von Schubert – Soldern, "Ueber Transcendenz des Objekts und<br />

Subjekts", 1882, S. 37 und $ 5. Vgl. Von selben Verfasser "Grundlagen einer<br />

Erkenntnistheorie", 1884, S. 3<br />

B- "Vierteljahrsschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie", 17.Jahrgang, 1893, S. 384<br />

C- Dr. Richard von Schubert – Soldern, "Das menschliche Glueck und die soziale<br />

Frage", 1896, S. V, VI<br />

D - "Zeitschrift für immanente Philosophie", Bd. I, Berlin, 1896, S.6, 9 93

–<br />

168<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>،‏ شيئ،‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه،‏ علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(جلد ١٩٠۴، ١۵، صفحه ١٧٩)<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ده،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مث<strong>ا</strong>لهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع غلط)‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شکل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کلی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک<br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"،‏ صفحه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که:‏ ‏"مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میدهی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>ی:‏ مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه <strong>و</strong> سسس<strong>ا</strong>لم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی خ<strong>و</strong>د متقل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سطیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٩، <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ‏"کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی مستعد"‏<br />

ژ.‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>تست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>عظ <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک خد<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق محس<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ ‏(ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"معي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صف ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د؟)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عهده ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی عملی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>تمه د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د ‏"دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم مسيحی"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مدل <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی علمی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(ژ.‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک،‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که گ<strong>ر</strong>چه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ تحت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد <strong>و</strong><br />

جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی کليس<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(دکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏<br />

‏("<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> فلسفه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

A<br />

،٣ صفحه (XXII<br />

(١۴٩<br />

(٣٧<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ (73 .S ("Der Realismun etc.",<br />

،١٨٨٠<br />

،Die Welt als Wahrnehmung und Begriff <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

،Zeitschrift für imannente Philosophie <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

،٢ صفحه (۵٢<br />

Grundlage einer<br />

، جلد<br />

،١٨٨٠ صفحه (٣١٢<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ Philosophie) Zeitschrift für imannente<br />

Grundzuge der Ethik und Rechtsphilosophie<br />

،Breslau ،١٨٨١ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت (٣٢۵ ،١٨١ –<br />

–<br />

–<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>کته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک ديگ<strong>ر</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هيچ س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏("مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..."‏ صفحه ٢۶)<br />

-A

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 169<br />

(٨٢<br />

Erkenntnistheorie<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز جسم يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

عليه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هديه <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(صفحه ٣٣٠) ‏[<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><br />

جهت که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏"حکم میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ که ‏(صفحه ٢۴٢): ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شک می<strong>ر</strong>يزد ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يه کم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عقد د<strong>ا</strong>ئم ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ديدی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی هم<br />

س<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز چه مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>د قضيه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏[لکل<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"؛ ‏"د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میدهد،‏ <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی جعلی <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ يک <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ک جعلی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فس<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

، <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

:(٢۴٢<br />

٩٦<br />

[<br />

[<br />

B<br />

A<br />

١٨٧٩<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏"معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>حمق <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>يه تي<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> صيغه د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديکی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ديديم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ عقيده ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

Und vergiesst dabei Tränen darüber, dass der Materialismus "herrscht" (S. 242):<br />

"Wer heute an ein jenseitiges Leben gleubt, auch nur der Moeglichkeit nach, der gilt<br />

als Narr." (Ib) Und eben diese Deutschen Menschikow, Obskuranten von nicht<br />

geringerer Guete als Renouvier, leben mit den Emperiokritikern in festem<br />

Konkubinat. Ihre theoretische Verwantschaft ist unbestreitbar. Vom Kantianismus<br />

haben die Innanenzphilosophen nicht mehr als Petzoldt und Pearson. Wir haben oben<br />

gesehen, dass sie sich selbst als Schüler Humes und Berkeleys bekennen, und diese<br />

Einschätzung der Imannenzphilosophen ist in der philosophischen Literatur<br />

allgemein anerkannt. S.211<br />

١٨٧٩<br />

-B<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"،‏ ‏"د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong> جعلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فس<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏

(٣٨<br />

170<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ (…206 ,2.S ,21 Der‏)هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> Realismus, ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> تسليم شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف فيشيه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>حم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میج<strong>ن</strong>گد<br />

که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت – س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>مک میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

لکل<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت دهيم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص تجمع<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز جسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> حس ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديده مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز هم زيستیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته،‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی؛ <strong>و</strong><br />

کل تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همزيستیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لیه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه ٢١)<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تجع چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت!‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه فيشته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی لکل<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف M <strong>و</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ (Bewusstseinphaenomen) يک شخص <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی Gattung) (menschliche صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که لکل<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>ق ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> حقيقی فلسفه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم؟<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج"‏ <strong>ر</strong>سيد،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعً<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ‏"س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه تلخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تح<strong>ر</strong>يف تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> ‏(ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی گله میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت حقيقی جعل مخفی<br />

که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>دش <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد<br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيشتهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ج<strong>ا</strong> دهد،‏ معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

(philosophische Studien, Loc, w 386, 397, 407)<br />

(Eigenschaften)<br />

(۵۶<br />

–<br />

۵۵<br />

١٨٧٢<br />

١۵٠<br />

٩٧<br />

N<br />

Erfahrung der Arbeit<br />

A<br />

Im Jahre 1879 hatte sich Leclair die Bezeichnung "Imannent" noch nicht ausgedacht,<br />

was eigentlich "erfahrungsmaessig", "in der Erfahrung gegeben" bedeutet und ein<br />

ebenso heuchlerisches Ausgangschild zur Verdeckung der Faeulnis ist, wie die<br />

Ausgangschild der europischen buergerlichen Parteien heuchlerisch sind. S. 211<br />

A- Beitrag zu einer monistischen Erkenntnistheorie (Eassays in Monistic theory ef<br />

Knewiedge, Breslau, 1882, S.10

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 171<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"هستی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مطلق<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>،‏ کل مقدم هستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> تقل<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی"‏ تشخيص<br />

<strong>ن</strong>دهد!‏ فقط فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"مح<strong>ر</strong>ز"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> صف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صل هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ هيچ <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>و</strong>زه جعلي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی که يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏(ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صی هم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شدتی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د)،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی..."‏ حظ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ دلم ميخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز صميم قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"،‏ ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ‏"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ دشم<strong>ن</strong> عمده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ )<br />

<strong>و</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>و</strong>م:‏ ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی").‏ ‏"علم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طهه<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ ‏(صفحه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

چيزيست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد!)‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>لت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل تصديق<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"عملی".‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />

هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ )<br />

Grundlagen einer<br />

١٨٩۶<br />

–<br />

X) ،("soziale Frage", S. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

Über Transcendenz des<br />

-<br />

A<br />

–<br />

(۵٢<br />

(Zusammengehoerigkeit)<br />

(٣۴<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(Erkenntnistheorie, 1884, S. 21<br />

–<br />

٣٣<br />

(Objekts und Subjekts, S. 73<br />

–<br />

–<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه م<strong>ا</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>خلی گ<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست که)‏ علم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی معم<strong>و</strong>لی ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

A- Wilhelm Schuppe, "Die imannente Philosophie und Wilhelm Wundt" Zeitschrift<br />

für imannente Philosophie, Band II, S. 195

(transzendent)<br />

172<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ XVIII) (Die soziale Frage, S.<br />

–<br />

(XVIII<br />

(das Jenseits)<br />

=)<br />

(١٨٩۶) "Die soziale Frage"<br />

–<br />

..."<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> کل م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق هم س<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شک ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />

هيچ مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک هميشه م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق حسی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يک تفک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم دليل<strong>ا</strong>م...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی ‏(خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>دی ‏(قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong>ش.‏ <strong>ب</strong>قيه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی،‏<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>قيه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ هيچ چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه دهد..."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه<br />

‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی"،‏ ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تذ<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />

خدمت ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چيست؟ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی...‏ مقيد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د عليه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی مح<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه چيز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی")‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه (XXIV<br />

گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م مدت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مشتی م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هدف <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>زمي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏<br />

"Jenseits"<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

-۴<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زيم.‏ ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

مخل<strong>و</strong>ط،‏ يک س<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فلسفه چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م جهت تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> کمک خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه <strong>ب</strong>ه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>حث،‏ مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>صلی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش که مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

تف<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حثه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی ثم<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم مثل ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی؛ يک چيز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 173<br />

(۴<br />

میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دليل ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> کمک میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه چيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک شخص <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ش قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ همه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> میشد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ چه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏(ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل م<strong>ا</strong>خ که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ چه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>يد ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مجم<strong>و</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

‏"مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>صيه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(صفحه خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که هسته <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>خشيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ )<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه"‏ ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد<br />

که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز سعی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ر</strong>يدی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که معلم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد هم <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> ‏"دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏(شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم"‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> ‏(صفحه فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ل<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>میز<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏("يک <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شده که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> لمس<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ليس د<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>دلی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشيد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<br />

می<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ غ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م)‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی تصميم<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ کليه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ملح<strong>و</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مسئ<strong>و</strong>ليت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>يز ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه Einleitung in die Philosophie, deutsche<br />

(١٣٢<br />

(١١۶<br />

(٢۴<br />

١٧<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(١٢۵<br />

(VI<br />

(٣٣۵<br />

– صفحه<br />

(Auflage, 1903, S. 48<br />

(٣٢<br />

–<br />

VIII

174<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ تعليم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت ‏(ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>د علم <strong>ا</strong>ستحم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

عمل <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تلقي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ‏(ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

يک س<strong>ن</strong>ت تص<strong>ا</strong>دقی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ژم<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>و</strong> زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>لهی<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(صفحه ٣۵٧)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که گفت د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ ‏"مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هيچ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده خد<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح ‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه حتی ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم که هسته <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مطلقً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>يده شيئ<br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>د که تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی دقيق<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong>گز چيزی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ که ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد"‏ که می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد چيزی جز هستی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همه،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>و</strong>صيه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>س م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شد،‏ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

(235 .S :Der Kampf, ,1908 ,5 ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خيلی <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ديد")‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی محض <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معلم ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

زده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ،‏ يک م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میج<strong>ن</strong>گيم ش<strong>و</strong>خی <strong>ن</strong>يست!)‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد؛ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چيزی که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ف<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه عملی <strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong><br />

(dem )<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(XII<br />

–<br />

(٢٩٢<br />

(Cornelius)<br />

Gottlichen

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 175<br />

–<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ن</strong>يمه خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏<br />

٩٨<br />

(Einfuehrung, 2, S. 217)<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی سي<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چقد<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه ت<strong>و</strong>صيه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ر</strong>ج ده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه تکميل ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست!‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س يک <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت يک خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<br />

میز<strong>ن</strong>يد!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهيم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م Erkenntnis und Irrtum خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک،"‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی که م<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>صلی<strong>ا</strong>ش صحه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د دکت<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏(<strong>ا</strong>سم ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س هم<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د م)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٔم<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خش م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی مق<strong>ا</strong>له د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيه شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه دست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست ‏"معلم".‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>:‏ "... تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> ‏(د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ همه <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ١٨) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> فيزيکی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۴۴) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه يقي<strong>ن</strong><br />

هدف ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل کس<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> علمی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ٩) ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"چيزی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>دی عقل عملی گفته شد")‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض که ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد."‏ (۴٢) ‏"م<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م...‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل خ<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ۵: ‏"فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت<br />

حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>و</strong>قتی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم همي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"کيفيت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>صيتی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی<br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>تيکی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دهيم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح خ<strong>و</strong>د فع<strong>ا</strong>ليتی خ<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> شخصی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>جد <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>ع ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ شک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ هيد<strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کسيژ<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت مید<strong>ا</strong>ديم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ) der Die Erkenntnistheorie<br />

٢ (Naturforschung der Gegenwart, Leipzig, 1905<br />

–<br />

(۴٣<br />

(Gewissheit)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل = (Spontanität

۴<br />

176<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه،‏ ميت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ق<strong>و</strong>ه هد<strong>ا</strong>يت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت هيد<strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>کسيژ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏<br />

‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> فصل <strong>ب</strong>عد:‏ ‏"عمل ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی يک عمل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ی قطع<strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>ر</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د که کليه<br />

تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تقسيم <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه عمده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی.‏ کليه<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ۴٧) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سعه د<strong>ا</strong>د...‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مطلق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> مقيد <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏<br />

–<br />

(٣٠ – ٢٩<br />

،"(Willenshandlung)<br />

–<br />

‏(صفحه ۵٠)<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چقد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً"‏<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong>تز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ "... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز"‏ ‏(کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه حقی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ميکشد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد)‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>دأ ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی کليه مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ف<strong>ر</strong>دی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>متي<strong>ا</strong>ز میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>متي<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محکمه<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مسئله د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ دهد."‏ Philosophie") ،Archiv für systematische<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠٠ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که علي<strong>ر</strong>غم کليه <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>طی که<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم ٩٩<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>سم شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی هدف عمده حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ جلد<br />

<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ،Kantstudien) کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ١٩٠٣، ٨، صفحه ٣٧۴) ٣١۴،<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت.‏ تسيه<strong>ر</strong><br />

ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ حد<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تسيه<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>سيک<strong>و</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يدی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که معلم<br />

ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"جمع <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی جز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!"‏ ‏(صفحه ۵) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

۶، صفحه<br />

(Th. Zieher)<br />

Psychophysiologische )<br />

١٠٠) ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

(٣<br />

–<br />

– ،١٨٩٨ صفحه – ۶٩ (٧٠<br />

١٩٠٣<br />

١٨٩٨<br />

-١٨٩٩<br />

(٨٧<br />

(Erkenntnistheorie, Jena 1898

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 177<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ١٠۴)<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته"‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میش<strong>و</strong>د!)‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م ‏"مقدمه"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ تسيه<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ليست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>سيک<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک ‏"س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

تف<strong>ا</strong>هم"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> ‏"حتی"‏<br />

‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد)‏ خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع شد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

متخصص،‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز معلمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏ فهميد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد.‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم"‏ ک<strong>و</strong>چک،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لتی کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زد<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ف<br />

خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>فظ خل<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> عصمت،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"تکميل ک<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ م<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه ليست<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> يک ‏"س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong>هم")‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلطيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ گست<strong>ر</strong>ش دهد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<br />

عقيده د<strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د:["مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

.P 205 ("Mind", vol. VI, 1897T ‏"شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />

(Verworn)<br />

Howard V. Knox in ) [<br />

A<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(Orginalität)<br />

١٩٠۴<br />

١٩٠۶ (٣٠١ – ٢٩٨<br />

(Das Weltproblem etc.", S. 137, Anm")<br />

٩٩<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>طقی"‏ Apriori) (logisches<br />

– (Nosdrjow)<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>کيدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ) II, Georg Rodier in "Revue philosophique, 1888,<br />

(vol. 26, p. 200<br />

(٨<br />

–<br />

١٩٠١<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>زديک"‏ مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد معلم م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم م)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ‏"س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

تف<strong>ا</strong>هم"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د"‏<br />

که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"چيزی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"،‏ يک ‏"شيئ <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"،‏ يک ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شد."‏<br />

Die Lehre des Prof. K. Pearson ist ein einfaches Echo der wirklich grossen Lehren<br />

Berkeleys

178<br />

A<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

که کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د!‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>صفحه ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"<strong>ن</strong>زديک شده"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ئيسم <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم)،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دتم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست شخصی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>قف فلسفه شده <strong>و</strong> ‏"محکمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز"،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>و</strong>قف ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يج مذه<strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"علم <strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که علم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>حی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دهد که ‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> حقيقی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ يک<br />

همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم ‏"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> فصله<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ‏"کمی"‏ تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ي<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم،‏ يک ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>دم."‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

متد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف!)‏ شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لط<strong>ب</strong>يعهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه يک دگم مذه<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه کيش <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س يک ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س جديد"،‏ يک ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی علمی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>عظه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که ‏"حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفت که کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong>قتی ههکل تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ب</strong>ه مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

ههکل <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه علمی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏ د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ههکل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."،‏ س<strong>و</strong>م ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه مح<strong>ا</strong>فظه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>تی کليس<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong><br />

١٠٠ B<br />

C<br />

(١۵١ –<br />

۵٢<br />

١٩٠۵<br />

٢٨۴<br />

،١٩٠١ جلد ،٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت :۶٩ ،۶۵ ،۵۵<br />

،١۶<br />

١٠٠<br />

-A<br />

-B<br />

-C<br />

<strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م کي<strong>ن</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کليف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ‏"خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقم."‏ ‏(صفحه ۵٨): ‏"<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ُ<strong>ب</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>."‏ ‏(صفحه ۵٢)<br />

‏"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"،‏ جلد ژ<strong>و</strong>ئيه ‎١٩٠۶‎؛ <strong>پ</strong>.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س،‏ ‏"فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ جلد ١٣، صفحه ٢۴ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک علم"،‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />

٣٣٣<br />

،٣۴۵<br />

،٣٢٠

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 179<br />

کليس<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تفسي<strong>ر</strong> جديد <strong>و</strong> حقيقیت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز دگمه<strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد..."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ جلد<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئيس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>علي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که دست <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

معت<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>في<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه يک ‏"س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

تف<strong>ا</strong>هم"‏ مختص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

، XVI ،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١٢٢<br />

‎۵‎‏-"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمِ"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏<br />

–<br />

–<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> شخص<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يم که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل مقدس تقدم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که حلقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظمی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> گم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که حلقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>،‏ حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏<br />

(xii, III<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل ‏"مقدس"‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>و</strong>ل مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سي<strong>ا</strong>ستمد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ن</strong>ه!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل محض <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>و</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مهملی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong>ص کليه فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عيد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"سيستم"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت هگل هم يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکی،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ حتی<br />

يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست تقدم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک تقدم حقيقی <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>صل<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ديست:‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د کلی،‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع<br />

<strong>ب</strong>یشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده؛ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده،‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>

-١<br />

-٢<br />

-٣<br />

-۴<br />

180<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ مقدم هميشه <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>قيقی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مج<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هگل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

کسی ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مهمل،‏<br />

يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظمی ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>".‏ ‏(ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س)‏<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خي<strong>ا</strong>لی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی هيچ کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> هگل <strong>ا</strong>لهی شد <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

جد<strong>ا</strong> شد.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>پ</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>!‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>له د<strong>و</strong>م هم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکی ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>له د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>له س<strong>و</strong>م<br />

میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> فيزيکی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>له د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغز،‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی:‏<br />

١- جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مدته<strong>ا</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيکی)‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يچيده م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميده میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی:‏ <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

–<br />

-٢<br />

(XXXIX<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>و</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ فيشته گفت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>ديست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د خلق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هگل گفت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفت

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 181<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد هستی<br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد فيزيکی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>قهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهمد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ ‏(صفحه می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ‏’مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيست؟‘"‏ <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏’تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً!‏ (Primarily" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>عدی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ ‏’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>‘‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جسم میش<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

فيزيکی."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مهمل<strong>ا</strong>ت محض <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />

خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عدی يک جسم فيزيکی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه"‏ ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جسم فيزيکی،‏<br />

مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک جسم فيزيکی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<br />

دي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه قد<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی خ<strong>و</strong>د محص<strong>و</strong>لی ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت يک<br />

خصيصه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(که هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)،‏ که ‏(ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده)‏ ‏(صفحه ١۴۶)<br />

فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که می<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زد ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>و</strong>د يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ص<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده فلسفه کشيشه<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ هم يک ملحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حتی ط<strong>ر</strong>ح تح<strong>ر</strong>يم مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>ظم ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>يخت.‏ معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ حق د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"سيستم"‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ همي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>صلی که قطعه <strong>ن</strong>قل شده يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه هسته ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د محص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عظيمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ محص<strong>و</strong>ل چيزی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>ليد"‏ ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چيزی که <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست هميشه ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مج<strong>ر</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>همت<strong>ر</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مثل يک ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه"،‏ مثل <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده،‏ که هيچ دليلی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح کلی،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏[ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

–<br />

(١٢٨ –<br />

٢٩<br />

..."

182<br />

A<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل ع<strong>ا</strong>دی مغز فع<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی معي<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد کلی <strong>و</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>می ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ هذي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د علم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده"‏ محص<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>معه،‏ س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی محص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک<br />

محص<strong>و</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز چه ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ژ<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيته<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓتشي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی يک<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ فقط ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ژ<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ئيته<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم!‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کليت<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک ف<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

چقد<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد <strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت فيشته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>مل عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

[<br />

–<br />

،٣ صفحه (xxxxiv<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>"‏ etc) (das Realismus, S. 55,<br />

(Das generische, das gattungsmässige Moment des Bewusstsein)<br />

(Vierteljahres-schrift fuer wissenschaftliche Philosophie, Bd.xvii, S.80<br />

-379)<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<br />

مغز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عمل<br />

-A<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> علم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد.‏<br />

Jedermann kennt – und die Naturwissenschaft untersucht die Idee, den<br />

Geist, den Willen, das Psychische als eine Funktion des normal<br />

arbeitenden menschlichen Gehirns, S. 227

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 183<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>قتی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

متشکل ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ مثل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی يک ش<strong>ر</strong>کت سه<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ا</strong>ی يک ش<strong>ر</strong>کت تک س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>خمت<strong>و</strong>ف<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong>خمت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه فحش میکش<strong>ن</strong>د.)‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی،‏ يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک سيستم ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يش گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏<br />

کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تسيه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم)‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی معلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی"...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>)‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ تمجيده<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقيم م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ليغ ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم تم<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ طی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح علم)‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>:‏ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ر</strong>حله د<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش که گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میلغزد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده:‏ ‏"تقديم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ")‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه کل فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ م<strong>ر</strong>حله چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حذف <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی.‏ ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ش چ<strong>ر</strong>خيده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ن</strong>ی که طی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

(Rachmetow)<br />

.<br />

–<br />

–<br />

١٩٠٨<br />

(Rezension)<br />

١٨٩٩<br />

١٨٠<br />

٩

184<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong>د کمت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک قدم جدی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کل ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلی تم<strong>ا</strong>م خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م ضعفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم جمع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق"‏ هگل تم<strong>ا</strong>م تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م ضعفه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيشتهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم جمع ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک قدم جدی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ ‏[يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong>ی هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی)‏<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏<br />

زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ا</strong>خی مدتی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

si Licet parve componere magnis!)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

۶- ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم گفته شده،‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>قد م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

فلسفی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>،‏ هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گليفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غي<strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد ‏"هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ ج<strong>ا</strong> میز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>پ</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ عکسه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده<br />

<strong>ن</strong>گه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد<br />

<strong>و</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

Nämlich die absolute Idee, diese hegelsche "Substitution des Psychischen" für die<br />

physische Natur, universal über Bord zu werfen, absolut zu entwerfen

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 185<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که هم خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم<br />

‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏(سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> هيچ چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ ، <strong>ب</strong>ه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏<br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز که يک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت عظيم<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د حتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت هم ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ُ<strong>پ</strong>تيک فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong>دلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ‎۵٧٩‎؛ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

صفحه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> حک شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>م که د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت هيچ مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک حقيقت عملی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی جز سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ي<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی ي<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی هستيم که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم..."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> میغلطد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت تم<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong>سد:‏ ‏"يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ کمی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د که کليه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>صی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

دهيم ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی حک<br />

شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه،‏ صفحه ۵٨١، <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ‎۴۴۵‎؛ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که گ<strong>ا</strong>هی ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ؛ گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشتق<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />

جد<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ١٨٩٧)<br />

(۴۴٢<br />

Viktor Heyfelder, über den Begriff der Erfahrung<br />

bei Helmholtz

١٨٧٨<br />

186<br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طقی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<br />

شد ‏("يک <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د)‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

حسی م<strong>ا</strong> حک شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت چيزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ستگی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت چيزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ب</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که کيفيت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص يک عمل خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مطلع میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> شده طل<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ يک عل<strong>ا</strong>مت لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />

‏(خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ي<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت مقدمه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>صلی هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شک ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ي<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت،‏<br />

میک<strong>و</strong>شد چيزی مثل يک م<strong>ر</strong>ز مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديده"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>کشد.‏ هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز يک <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>شد<strong>ن</strong>ی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>فهمم چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د سيستمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ شخص ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

شديد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> متحمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ن</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د شديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong>هده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک عمل<br />

معي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>ر</strong>ک ق<strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong>سد ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت شده،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی<br />

که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢۴٢) ‏"<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<strong>ا</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>شته<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong>سيع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عمل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفيد <strong>و</strong> ثم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز هم ش<strong>ب</strong>يه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> خمه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی،‏ که متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> خمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏[<strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<br />

١٨٨۴، جلد ٢، صفحه<br />

–<br />

۴٣<br />

–<br />

(Zeichen)<br />

عل<strong>ا</strong>مت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏ Reden) Vorträge und<br />

(٢٢۶<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(Albrecht Rau)<br />

–<br />

(Aussage)<br />

(٢۴٣<br />

Albrecht Rau, S. 234<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>،‏

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 187<br />

A<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی ‏(که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>و</strong>فق ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ب</strong>يه مدل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تل<strong>و</strong>يح<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د".‏<br />

‏"عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی"،‏ سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليف مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong><br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی خ<strong>و</strong>د ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست مختص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مفيد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٣٢٠)<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ‏(يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده ‏"مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ عزيز <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏<br />

هم هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی لکل<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه خيلی زي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی علته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی)‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز"‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د میز<strong>ن</strong>د ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

علت ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز عليت<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی."‏ ‏(صفحه ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>...‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ط س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ب</strong>تذل ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

Das<br />

)<br />

(٣٣<br />

١٨٧٩<br />

(٣۴<br />

،Realismus صفحه ١۵۴<br />

(٣۵<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که يک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عد کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط معلم<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ست<strong>و</strong>ده<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

شده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش ه<strong>ر</strong>تز<br />

فيزيک"‏ هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز ‏"عتيقه شده"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک فلسفه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د)‏ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<br />

(Heinrich Hertz)<br />

١٠١B<br />

A- "Albrecht Rau, Empfinden und Denken", Giessen, 1896, S.304<br />

B- Archiv für Philosophie,II,Systematische Philosophie 101 ,Bd.5,1899, S.64-163

188<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی فک<strong>ر</strong>ی هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عمل يک علت ‏(که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده)‏ تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>صلی کلمه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.)‏<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد تعيي<strong>ن</strong> شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز علته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> کس<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۴۶)<br />

کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عص<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل حل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت معتقد <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>ا</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>دی ي<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يتی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت جِ<strong>ر</strong>م،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ضعف عمده کل دليل<br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت تخيل م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی <strong>ن</strong>يستيم که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک مختص<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

يک عدد معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏ هميشه د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>د ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که همگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong>هده س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختيم؛ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت هيچ حقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعي<strong>ا</strong>ت هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> قطعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

علت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه کل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong>هم می<strong>ر</strong>يزد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه کس<strong>ب</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی حقيقتی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کل هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۶۴)<br />

(durch ablesen<br />

-١<br />

-٢<br />

٣- علت،‏<br />

-۴<br />

-۵<br />

(Erlangung)<br />

einer Skala)<br />

(als Menschen)

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 189<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د معلم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ کل فلسفه هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده،‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۶٠)<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم يک <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تک<strong>ب</strong> شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

مخل<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>گليفی"،‏ مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست".‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی،‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

٧- د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه يک صفت <strong>و</strong>يژه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>شک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>ق معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ که،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏"غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زده میش<strong>و</strong>د"‏ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ٣، صفحه ۵) <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله گيج هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه تحقي<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم صحيح،‏ س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

علمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک گ<strong>ر</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

هميشه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فتهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> سعی میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س حتی <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>يمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>خته<br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم عم<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.‏

–<br />

١٠٢<br />

190<br />

(٢١<br />

<strong>و</strong> مشکل <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>گت<br />

<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش د<strong>و</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کسی <strong>ن</strong>فهمد،‏ مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد عمد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>و</strong>قتی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد چه چيزی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> کليه مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هستيم.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع س<strong>ب</strong>ک فک<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ظ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>سد<br />

شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>هيت چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ میک<strong>ن</strong>د غلط فهميده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خيلی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم ‏"غل<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حتی يک قدم هم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>خذه ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ديد<strong>ر</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ده<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>خذه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>کته سه<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> شد که <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم تسليم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ محد<strong>و</strong>ديت د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ خصيصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"خصيصه ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>".‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديت د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی)‏ محد<strong>و</strong>ديت<br />

س<strong>و</strong>م حفظ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>أس"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سه ‏"محد<strong>و</strong>ديت"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میشم<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

میدهد<br />

محد<strong>و</strong>ديت"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ Schranken) (über diese<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سه چيز <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>ديته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> کليه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئیت<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"محد<strong>و</strong>ديت"‏ (Beschränktheit)<br />

(١٩<br />

‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٢١ ،(١٩

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 191<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شد<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ هيچ ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هم فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم ديد<strong>ن</strong>د که مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه همزد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تصحيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيز"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست چيزی تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏ کسی که ‏"فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"چ<strong>پ</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه طف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کل ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عقل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ش،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع،‏ گل س<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> جمع شده <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ که مف<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ هم د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده س<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ت<strong>و</strong>ليد م<strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک خ<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه حمله میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١۶٠<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غلم<strong>ب</strong>ه سلم<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ يک مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز تجلیه<strong>ا</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز حمل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏"يک دگم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢٢٢<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت ت<strong>و</strong>سط ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ديده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چه ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> – ۶٣ (١۶١<br />

حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ Realismus") ،"Der ،١٨٧٩ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٢۴ ٢٣<br />

– ٢١٨)، <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل

192<br />

که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ تجسم <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ معلم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"[<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ئی متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>م لق<strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ که د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت قدم،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>و</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ر</strong>قی،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> محفله<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> حکم<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک جدی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تکميل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> معط<strong>و</strong>ف میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تصحيح <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ <strong>ن</strong>قد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد)،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ.‏<br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د زده<br />

شده،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه همه ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معط<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تذ<strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ط س<strong>ا</strong>دگی تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ‏("م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>")،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>شی مي<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی،‏ دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگلی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يدی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی مز<strong>ر</strong>عه،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ‏(<strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه کث<strong>ا</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مشخص ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<br />

شد<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ب</strong>تذل س<strong>ا</strong>زی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>يق مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong>تذل س<strong>ا</strong>زی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ده<strong>ن</strong>د که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه.‏<br />

١٨٧٨<br />

-<br />

("Beiträge zu einer monistischen Erkenntnistheorie", 1882, S. 45)<br />

B A<br />

"[<br />

٨<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

– چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>حمت فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

Traumrealismus<br />

-A<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>طق ( S.56 B- Dr. Wilhelm Schuppe, Erkenntnistheoretische Logik, Bonn, 1878,<br />

‏(ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 193<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>لی که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مثل گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

دهيم.‏<br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> عمل مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

.S 52 ‏,‏Kopfarbeit؛ ,1903 يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل مغز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ ميز م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>قی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ميز م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> يک شيئ جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تکميل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

محس<strong>و</strong>س،‏ محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست...‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميز،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غلط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ديست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> قدمی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ قدمی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> دقيق ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>م ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم که <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده میش<strong>و</strong>د...‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ر</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د...‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> يک محص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست..."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تحليل دل<strong>ا</strong>يل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ مثل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد،‏<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>:‏ ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>شته خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ حد<strong>و</strong>د يک صفحه ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>صيل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>جد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه قطعی.‏ (١٠٧) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏["حقيقت حقيقی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدس د<strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج شخص)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏]؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم...‏<br />

(Das Wesen der menschlichen<br />

(۵٣<br />

(۶۴<br />

(١٠٨<br />

(۵۴<br />

(٨٠<br />

(١٠۶<br />

A<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

حقيقت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> علمی م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز شخص)،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong>

194<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت مشخص میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>أس<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>له،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه...‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حقيم که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />

کلی فلسفه،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong>هده علمی <strong>ا</strong>يده،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تفحصی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

‏(صفحه مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست چس<strong>ب</strong>يد ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ میش<strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

که<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی علمی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه کمک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong>:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فهم م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

سي<strong>ا</strong>سی يک <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی علمی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی گذشته مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong><br />

مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدمه،‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۴٠) <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>تذل متم<strong>ر</strong>کز شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد قطعه<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تعميم د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ق<strong>و</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم زي<strong>ر</strong><br />

لف<strong>ا</strong>ف ‏"<strong>و</strong>سعت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong>سعت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>:‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فلسفه ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی عدم ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل تقدم م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ر</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>".‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د خط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"کل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> حکم ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>...‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لق <strong>ب</strong>هشت <strong>و</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ش<strong>ا</strong>مل ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٢۴)، يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م مع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ‏"قطعی"،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>متي<strong>ا</strong>زيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد)‏ حد<strong>و</strong>د ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مطلق <strong>و</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>دی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت تحقيق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

(Kleinere philosophische Schriften, 1903, S. 59, 62)<br />

(١۴٢<br />

١٠٣<br />

(۶٢<br />

(١۴١<br />

"Profane wahrhaftige Wahrheit gründet sich nicht auf eine Person. Sie hat ihre<br />

Gründe außerhalb" (d.h. außerhalb der Person) "in ihrem Material,

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 195<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مطلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ب</strong>هم،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> چلفتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>فقيت <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک"‏<br />

دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong>س تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

می<strong>ر</strong>سد که عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>شعه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><strong>ا</strong>لط<strong>ب</strong>يعه<strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی عميق م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تحليل ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که گ<strong>ا</strong>هی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشفته میشد.‏ <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشفتگی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>فت.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>)<strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

يک دست <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"ق<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د که علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ زي<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل مستقل يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تحسي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس چه چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>زديک میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک مشکل <strong>ن</strong>يست ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت دست <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> هم مسلک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> کسی که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديک میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>کت خ<strong>و</strong>دش(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ تص<strong>و</strong>يق ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

–<br />

،(٢٧<br />

(٢٢٢<br />

–<br />

٢٢٢<br />

٢٣<br />

–<br />

١٠٤<br />

(۵٣<br />

(٢۴٣<br />

١٨۶٨<br />

۵<br />

‏(صفحه ٢٢۴)

<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><br />

196<br />

چه کسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع ده<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خِ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> قه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د حدس <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تصديق ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی هم <strong>ر</strong>فته ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مستحق چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سختی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه دهم يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> يک فلسفه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ز تفک<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده؛ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه<br />

۴، عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش فلسفی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د."؛ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ز تفک<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>پ</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.)‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> "Naturmonismus" ‏(<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی)‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏ِگ<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خدمت چ<strong>پ</strong>کی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ چيزی متم<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ قدمی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل محد<strong>و</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهم چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فيق <strong>پ</strong>.‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی میلغز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"حتی <strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<br />

‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی")‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>پ</strong>.‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفتضح میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض،‏ عقيده يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"کث<strong>ا</strong>فتک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که دشم<strong>ن</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ی میدهد که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>عظ <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ عقيده شخص ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه سمت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد:‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>و</strong>يژگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

سمت ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> گيج د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل Kleinere<br />

٩۵<br />

٨١<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />

١٨٧٣<br />

١٠٥<br />

(٢٧٣<br />

–<br />

،philosophische Schriften صفحه<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

١٨٨۶<br />

Akquisit<br />

،(P. Dauge)<br />

–<br />

١٠٦<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>م که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> مستحق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ هم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ش<strong>ا</strong>هد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز صل<strong>ا</strong>حيتد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏

فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 197<br />

کسی که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ‏"ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> کم<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش محق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏(کمت<strong>ر</strong> محق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هگل تکيه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> فلسفه هگل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ مطلق،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ذه<strong>ن</strong> مطلق میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

مصد<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<br />

مشخص ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه هگل خ<strong>و</strong>د تشخيص مید<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>میدهد...‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظم هگل،‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ههکل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی – ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم جمع میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی ق<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>عيض ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شليم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی گله ک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>هي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> حقيقت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،‏ ١٩٠۶، ضميمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)‏ گله ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"‏ <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت چيزکی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عليه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong>ست میگفت.‏ Zeit) ،Die neue<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>و</strong>قتی ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مشکل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏(صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong> يک ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت که گفت<br />

ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکسه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

(Universum)<br />

١٨٩۶ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ "<br />

"Erkenntnis und Wahrhit" –<br />

(۴٣٢<br />

(۴٣١<br />

(Die soziale Frage, S. xxxiii)<br />

،Peuilleton صفحه<br />

،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ،٣٨<br />

Zeitِ) ،Die neue ،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ،۴۴ صفحه (۶۵۴<br />

يک هشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>فيق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ:‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ‏"ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم"‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ‏[<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ف<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

سيد<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ،(Pawel) <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سمت<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی گله <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع"‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>م؛ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ت شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع"‏<br />

چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />

‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک،‏ مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی)‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong><br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مسئله ‏"م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ر</strong>جعگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد!‏<br />

،(Iwan)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

(Richtung)<br />

(Sidor)<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ ديک <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تفک<strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

... nicht für einzelne Person, nicht für Iwan, Sidor oder Pawel, sondern für die<br />

Richtung

ع"‏<br />

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 199<br />

<br />

٠٧) Die neue Zeit<br />

(Josef Diner-De'nes)<br />

١<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />

– ٩٠۶، شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ۵٢)، مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ژ<strong>و</strong>زف دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>-‏<br />

يک س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong><br />

تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

د<strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

شد.‏ عي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ همي<strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ژ<strong>و</strong>زف دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ مثل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ض<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> متک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که:‏ ‏"معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عض<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عض<strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ژ.دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>-‏ د<strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ مستقيمً<strong>ا</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علم،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک ‏(<strong>ا</strong>شعه <strong>ا</strong>يکس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شعه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل ،(Becquerel-Strahlen) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>-‏ د<strong>ن</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی کس<strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ‏’تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>و</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مع<strong>ر</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل کشف<br />

شد که <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته د<strong>و</strong> مظه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز محتملت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ميل<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ميل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست م)‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>فتی <strong>و</strong> تجزيه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> که تعد<strong>ا</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تجزيه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هلي<strong>و</strong>م ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ کليه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>-‏ د<strong>ن</strong>ه)‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ميع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong>خش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس که سی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شد مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت

200<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت شکل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏"کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکله<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم...‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گفت،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه مکت<strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تحليل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی فد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی لفظ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کشف د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز حتی د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه علم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم")‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد شکل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

‏("ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ‏[تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شکل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ تجديد<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> جمل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ه فقط هيچ ‏"تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی طل<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع کلمه <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عکس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه،‏ يک تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> حقه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تحت لف<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز شکل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حک<strong>ا</strong>م فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />

مستقيم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"،‏ صفحه ۵٠) مهم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ب</strong>ه گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>لد<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ز قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محکم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ميگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هدف م<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

(Revisionistisches)<br />

١٠٧<br />

(١٩<br />

..."<br />

١٠٨<br />

–<br />

[<br />

A<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده کلمه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

Eine Revision der "form" des engelsschen Materialismus, eine Revision seiner<br />

naturphilosophischen Sätze enthält folglich nicht nur nichts "Revisionistisches" im<br />

landläufigen Sinn des Wortes, sondern ist im Gegenteil eine unumgängliche<br />

Forderung des Marxismus.

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<br />

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 201<br />

١- <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم"‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جدی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص میدهد.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>:‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م"‏ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میکشد.‏ ‏"کليه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>صل ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيه ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ر</strong>م<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم جمع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>عت گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کيل<strong>و</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه)‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل حد<strong>و</strong>د يک س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تحت چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يطی د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ‏"ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک که م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که تم<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميکی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ج<strong>ر</strong>م مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>،‏ تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی عمل <strong>و</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>:‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک؟،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"يک قلع <strong>و</strong> قمع عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>چکه<strong>ا</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کم ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"عص<strong>ر</strong> شک"‏ <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"عص<strong>ر</strong> شک"‏ چه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

ديکته)‏ میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هستيم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."؛ ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ هيچ محض <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>سخهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عکسه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ن</strong>ميدهد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی،‏<br />

(١٧١<br />

٣٠٠)<br />

(Trägheit)<br />

٨، صفحه<br />

(١٨٠<br />

(Trägheit)

خی.م<strong>ا</strong><br />

202<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکِ‏ فيزکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ )<br />

Abel Rey, "La<br />

(Abel Rey)<br />

F. Alcan <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏ ،theorie de la physique chez les physiciens contemporains"<br />

(١٩٠٧ ،<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>له،‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم گيج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حتی مزيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زد<strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> ظ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف دقيق مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تحقي<strong>ر</strong> محض م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جهل محض <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د.)‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>جد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

خل<strong>ا</strong>صه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جع<strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دليل عم<strong>و</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز علم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت فيزيک معط<strong>و</strong>ف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش مع<strong>ر</strong>فت فيزيکی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت علم مث<strong>ب</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> شيئ<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ میشت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />

چيست؟ طی د<strong>و</strong> ثلث <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ"‏ ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک<br />

چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک ملک<strong>و</strong>لی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ع که ت<strong>و</strong>سط عل<strong>و</strong>م فيزيکی شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق مطلق ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د عقيده کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>دی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که علم،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص فيزيک مثل ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>و</strong> متخ<strong>ا</strong>صم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>سعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<br />

قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم فيزيک س<strong>ن</strong>تی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong>ده گست<strong>ر</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش هستی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل میشد <strong>و</strong> کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی ‏(<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مشخص سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> که فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک تقليل میدهد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ يک مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong>ح ف<strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک دگم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د..."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۶)<br />

(iii<br />

،١۴ صفحه (١٣<br />

ii – i صفحه<br />

–

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 203<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست"‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> قطع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فلسفه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی فيزيک س<strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم صد<strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> يک هي<strong>و</strong>می مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک،‏ جزم،‏ تخطی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م که هيچ چيز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلسی کلمه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی که طی کل <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ مقدمه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

هستی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ک س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم س<strong>ن</strong>ت شد.‏ علم چيزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ،reperage) <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی معل<strong>و</strong>م شد که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong>د که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عل<strong>ا</strong>مت گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی)‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ (faconne) علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شد،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>:‏ ‏[<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ يک علم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فقط <strong>و</strong>سيله مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک تک<strong>ن</strong>يک س<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م لغ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که علم <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد مگ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله<br />

مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عمل،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د علم <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong>مل کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

سق<strong>و</strong>ط مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی که سق<strong>و</strong>ط ‏(مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م)‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ميد که علم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز سق<strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />

س<strong>ن</strong>تی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی علم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط میشد."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١۶<br />

<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک يک <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق م<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که علم خ<strong>و</strong>د تغيي<strong>ر</strong> قي<strong>ا</strong>فه میدهد <strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟...‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ‏(فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ضع يک دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>لعمل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ن</strong>يکی مفيد تقليل میدهد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>هميت س<strong>ا</strong>قط میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong><br />

(<br />

–<br />

(١٧ –<br />

[<br />

A<br />

..."<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی میشد عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ علمی که يک<br />

مص<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يک تک<strong>ن</strong>يک ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کلمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

Ein Standpunkt, denn man natürlicherweise allgemein als Verneinung der<br />

Möglichkeit der Wissenschaft auszulegen begann. Ein Wissenschaft als bloßes<br />

künstliches Mittel, um auf die Natur einzuwirken, als einfache utilitarische Technik,<br />

hat kein Recht, sich Wissenschaft zu nennen, wenn mann den Sinn der Wörter nicht<br />

entstellen will. S. 255

–<br />

204<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>طق <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه فيزيک تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست میدهد؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<br />

علم مث<strong>ب</strong>تی که ‏(فيزيک م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد."‏ علم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

عملی <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی.‏ ‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل ديگ<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد<br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د...‏ شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ شخص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز،‏ همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم شک<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩)<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غلط <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که <strong>ر</strong>ی چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong><br />

تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل شده ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح <strong>ا</strong>ست که کد<strong>ا</strong>م ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

س<strong>و</strong>د جسته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشديد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

‏"ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ضد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست که<br />

‏"خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>می فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هد."‏ ‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏<br />

ضد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که حق<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که فيزيک که<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میگفت:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ن</strong>شسته <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

علي<strong>ر</strong>غم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> شک<strong>ا</strong>کي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د جسته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی گزي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ گ<strong>و</strong>ئی کليه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل کليه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ خي<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سه مکت<strong>ب</strong> تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؛ مکت<strong>ب</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت عظيم فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>.،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م ؛ کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف،‏<br />

هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>س ‏(ل<strong>ر</strong>د کل<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>)،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قديمت<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش عمده چيست ‏(چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش س<strong>و</strong>م<br />

مستقل <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د."‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> کيفی همگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه ‏"تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میشد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فيزيک ‏"يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی میس<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ علته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی عمل<br />

(Mörtel)<br />

fides<br />

–<br />

(ii<br />

–

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 205<br />

‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٣٣ (٣٨<br />

‏["تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش هستی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيک<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد"‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>قشهم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

‏"تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت خُلص"‏ س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،"‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>ديست که ت<strong>ا</strong> حد <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>خت فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که فيزيک مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تسميه مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده فيزيک مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ‏(<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />

۴۶<br />

(konzeptualistische Auffassung)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

صفحه ۴١)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته يکی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ صحيح <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> که مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی علي<strong>ر</strong>غم عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق ژ<strong>ر</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ب</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيم <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستيم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که يک ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت مکت<strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong>،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تزلزل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس<br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

<strong>و</strong> شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مشکل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست".‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مکث <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم <strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشکل <strong>ب</strong>حث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

(۴٨<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏"تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت هستی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د"...‏<br />

Die Modifikationen in dieser Auffassung der Physik bestehen vornehmlich<br />

darin, daß der ontologische Wert der Theorien abgelehnt und die<br />

phänomenologische Bedeutung der Physik außerordentlich betont wird.<br />

Die konzeptualistische Auffassung habe es mit "reinen Abstraktionen" zu<br />

tun,... S. 257

206<br />

٢- ‏"جسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ديد شده"‏<br />

ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحت<strong>ا</strong>للفظی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ل.‏ ه<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>يگ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل عل<strong>و</strong>م"‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فصل م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>تم غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد."‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح علمی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی محکم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>چ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يگی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

قد<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ن</strong>يست که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ سيستم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يگی،‏ ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی"‏<br />

١٣١، يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يگی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حمله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده مقدس <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏ يک م<strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست؟"‏<br />

‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>يشد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی د<strong>و</strong>شيزه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مسئله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف هيچ س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

ظ<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> ‏"مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏"مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تقليد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی تشکيل شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م)‏ ‏"مدل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکل زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

" <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />

Die moderne Theorie der<br />

١٩٠۵، صفحه<br />

‏(صفحه ۶۴)<br />

[<br />

B<br />

(۶٧<br />

١٠٩A<br />

،physikalischen Erscheinungen ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ،‏<br />

–<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس<br />

‏(تک<strong>ا</strong>مل عل<strong>و</strong>م)‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> Les L'annee<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده)‏<br />

L. Houllevigue, L'evolution des sciences -A<br />

١٠٩<br />

،<br />

،١٩٠٨ psychologieque صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٨ ،٨٧ ،۶٢<br />

١٩٠٨<br />

-B<br />

<strong>ب</strong>یگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی معص<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد.‏<br />

Diese Bemerkung gegen die Materialisten, die Herrn Walentinow so furchtbar bissig<br />

dünkt, zeigt seine ganze jungfräuliche Unschuld in der Frage des philosophischen<br />

Materialismus.<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 207<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

علم"،‏ ‏("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<br />

صفحه ٢٨٢)<br />

-<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده شکل خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ مهم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ ذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مدل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ‏(<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی")‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی".‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> علم مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه سه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>تم<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سيستم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيدی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عتی ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> سه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی ‏"د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مشخص م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدت م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>شست<strong>ن</strong><br />

(٢٩۴ – ٩۵)<br />

–<br />

١١٠A<br />

،١٩٠۶ صفحه ١۵٩<br />

–<br />

‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ا</strong>ده"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ج،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏<br />

‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ ‏"يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه هميشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>حدت<br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده."‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکی<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ژ.‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده"،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيک،‏ ‏"فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏<br />

،-<br />

Über die Struktur der Materie<br />

" physique La<br />

،١٩٠٧ <strong>پ</strong>.‏ ١١٠<br />

،١٩٠۵ ،Revue generale des sciences ،۶۵<br />

١٩٠٨، ژ.‏<br />

"des electrone<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧۶ ٢۵٧<br />

-A

208<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه که <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی حد<strong>و</strong>دی که م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل عميقت<strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>؛ همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده که س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مطلق،‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ،(Trägheit=Inertia) ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل مح<strong>و</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

خط<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل مثل خط<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

فلسفی <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />

‏"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>لکه ‏"ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تم"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يز غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />

گي<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شکل د<strong>ر</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ر</strong>؟ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يحی چيزی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی علمی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ‏"عقل سليم"‏ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لعکس<br />

عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مگ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی ‏"عجي<strong>ب</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه يک ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تحت تسلط ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی هست<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ئيدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک.‏ فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلطيده <strong>ا</strong>ست که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلسی کلمه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"خص<strong>و</strong>صيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> لگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

Schriften") ،"Kleinere philosophische صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٣٠ (٢٢٩<br />

–

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 209<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ده يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی خصيصه مطلق<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی ه<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>دی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong>د که يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت يک ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د ص<strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ ‏"يک محد<strong>و</strong>ديت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"،‏ کي"‏<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>طقی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

شيئ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong>د که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز صحيح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ حقيقی ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />

عق<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>هيت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>"،‏ عق<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه مي<strong>و</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز جهل <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>و</strong>قتی يک ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هيچ ‏"تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،؛ هيچ ‏"ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ هيچ ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مطلق"‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تهی ت<strong>ر</strong>سيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏"ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه عمق مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />

عمق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه م<strong>و</strong>قتی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>تم،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی مطلق،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی غي<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يگی Righi) ،(Augusto که <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چه هست<strong>ن</strong>د حتی <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد مقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت فلسفی زي<strong>ا</strong>دی کس<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>و</strong>شش می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مزيتی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج کمی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong>يد عمدتً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ظم <strong>و</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>صه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><br />

حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تحقيق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گذشته ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز حدی <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میشد،‏ <strong>و</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میشد<br />

١٨٩٩

210<br />

که خيلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی کليه چيزه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٣)<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میُ<strong>ب</strong> ‏َ<strong>ر</strong>د؟ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هيچ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی میچس<strong>ب</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>"‏ ‏(<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"‏<br />

‏(ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ)،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ س<strong>ا</strong>ز"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه قدمی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خط<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ن</strong>قطه مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />

که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ محيط کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی م<strong>ب</strong>تذل می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط گي<strong>ر</strong>شهف،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>تز،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل،‏ هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ر</strong>د کل<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعقي<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مطلق،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم،‏ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ج<br />

يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>ر</strong>م می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٩١<br />

(<br />

(٢٩٠-<br />

(l'aboutissant)<br />

..."<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>تز،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سيستم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه دست مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

مشخص میشد که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د مشخصی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>يزسی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏’مت<strong>و</strong>سط‛،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عم<strong>و</strong>می م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> يک تغيي<strong>ر</strong> شکل عم<strong>و</strong>می مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک،‏ يک تغيي<strong>ر</strong> شکل عم<strong>و</strong>می سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيزه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه.‏ س<strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

میشد <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د معم<strong>و</strong>لی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طی میک<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٩۵)<br />

‏"فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه تحميل <strong>ن</strong>ظم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ت<strong>و</strong>سط مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>و</strong>سط ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>:‏

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 211<br />

-١ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> (figure)<br />

-٢<br />

مج<strong>ا</strong>زی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م مستقيم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ن</strong>تی ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ک<strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>پ</strong>ی شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> مستقيمً<strong>ا</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،...‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته میشد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong>ک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت ممک<strong>ن</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />

دهيم...‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک س<strong>ن</strong>تی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ دست <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>تً<strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی<strong>ا</strong>ی تقليل ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>تم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏<br />

٣- ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>زی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>می فيزيک <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که مفه<strong>و</strong>م فيزيک،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م فيزيک که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی<br />

میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۴۶<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>قض عهد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ شکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی س<strong>ر</strong>عت<br />

مت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ر</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعملی عليه مکت<strong>ب</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خی)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(صفحه ۴۶)، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که د<strong>ر</strong> کليه س<strong>ر</strong>سخت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جستهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک جهل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک فلج شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

(figuratif)<br />

–<br />

(calques)<br />

(۴٧ –<br />

-۴

گ<strong>ب</strong>ي<br />

212<br />

‎٣‎‏-<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جسم <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی میک<strong>و</strong>شد ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> کشف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خيز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش مغش<strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غي<strong>ر</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د کل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong>،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>،‏ علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لح،‏ مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ز علم <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه گم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<br />

میدهد:‏ ‏"لی<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مثل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديده ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

١١٠) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

‏(صفحه ٣) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته هيچ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ی مح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

١٨۶٩<br />

(Das Wesender der menschlichen Kopfarbeit, 1903,S.<br />

".<br />

(Spekulation)<br />

١٠٩) ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

(Liegig)<br />

108)<br />

‏(صفحه ١١۴)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که چهل س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش هم میشد <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> چيست؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده ‏"هيچ کس"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><br />

میدهد <strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست حتی فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> هيچ چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ‏"ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>و</strong>

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 213<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong>.‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong>فت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز عقيده خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د هيچ دليل،‏ قي<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يفی ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی<br />

جز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ حقه<strong>ا</strong>ی که معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده میز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ مسئله ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

شده که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فهميد ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ّيت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يز مح<strong>و</strong><br />

شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>و</strong> مغز <strong>و</strong> سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هم مح<strong>و</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د که همه چيز مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت شم<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه)‏ مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ مح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هميشه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق می<strong>ا</strong>فتد که م<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فه<br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ئی"،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ‏(م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست)؛ يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک<br />

شخص ز<strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ يک تج<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ر</strong>ده يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه هيچ کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده هيچ کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س هيچ کس،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> کل ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده کلی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏<br />

که <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong>شست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دسته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی ممک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هميشه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يکمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يکمي<strong>ن</strong> سيستم ک<strong>و</strong>چک ‏(مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم")‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>قيه متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مهم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه جد<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏

214<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ز حقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ فصل هفتم کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> فصل <strong>و</strong>يژه ‏"کليه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک"‏ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"،‏ صفحه ٢۴٣)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف هم مصي<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف حقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مکث ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>تی معي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم که ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ حتی ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی مهم د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ش ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"،‏ صفحه ٣٨)<br />

گفته<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش محض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د متغي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه سختی <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میفهمد.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت<br />

که مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح مشخص شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيست <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خشی د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت مغش<strong>و</strong>ش شده <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف غلط <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"علت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>له شده)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شک<strong>ا</strong>کی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط ميل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ع<strong>و</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه خط<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>أت <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> عدم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ شده"‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه)؛<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت يک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يک مدل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قت<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده شده ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

١٨٩٩<br />

–<br />

١٨٩٩<br />

(Mill)<br />

..."

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 215<br />

-<br />

–<br />

..."<br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>يد دقيقت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز محت<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی کسی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ف<strong>ا</strong>عل جمله <strong>ا</strong>يست که مس<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏’ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د‘‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دت د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چيزی ج<strong>ا</strong>مد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی يک شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د چيز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حتی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏’ح<strong>ر</strong>کت‘‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک مغز <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مس<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز صف<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏’م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘‏<br />

تحمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مثل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓکيم<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يسک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> زده شد،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>يسک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> م)‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>مل کلمه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ا</strong>علی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ديست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دليل<br />

می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد – چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>و</strong> مس<strong>ن</strong>د تشکيل ش<strong>و</strong>د؟"‏ ‏(صفحه ٣٩)<br />

ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> عق<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> تشکيل ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع حذف ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ا</strong>عل"،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ا</strong>عل"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>قطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س حذف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ‏"ف<strong>ا</strong>عل"‏ میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کلمه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه چه زي<strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شق <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />

کلمه ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>دگی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حيلهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مشکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>عل <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>تقل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؟ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی م<strong>ا</strong>ديست؟ ع<strong>و</strong>ض ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ مهلک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ک<strong>و</strong>شيد<br />

خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ء</strong><br />

‏"خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>ف شد<strong>ن</strong> مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت قديمی د<strong>ر</strong> متحد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ‏(<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>ميدهد که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><br />

شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>!)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی هد<strong>ا</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی"‏ حل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

١٨٩٩<br />

A- Wilhelm Oswald, "Vorlesungen über Naturphilosophie", 2. Aufl., Leipzig 1902,<br />

S.VIII<br />

A

–<br />

–<br />

216<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی م)‏ ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م)‏ حل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه ‏"خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ ‏"کليه <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک عمل متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی تحميل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت ‏"معي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد!‏ فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی هیي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قطعه <strong>و</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> يک لف<strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ هیي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> محفله<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فهميده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم..."‏ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که م<strong>ر</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏(<strong>و</strong> حتی گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

میغلطد،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠۶ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> هم<br />

ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ صميم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی يک<br />

تض<strong>ا</strong>د مهم د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فتم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

‏’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی‘‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ‏’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی‘‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>يه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليست"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>حث ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حثی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ر</strong>د معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ب</strong>ز.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته مهم ف<strong>ر</strong>قی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی:‏ تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی"،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

:<br />

A<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ "...<br />

(xvii – xvi<br />

٣٩۴<br />

".(aufprägen)<br />

–<br />

. گ.‏ ژ-‏<br />

٣٢٩ - ٣٠<br />

A هیي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"،‏ جلد ١٣، شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ٣، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل ١٩٠٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 217<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد که د<strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ علمی <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد)‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مص<strong>ا</strong>لح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی؟)‏ س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی؟ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک مغش<strong>و</strong>ش د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی...‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مطلق م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک تصحيح د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ب</strong>له.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

که<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٩٠۶<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> کم میفهميد که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٩، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ هيچ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ هيچ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ک ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ستگی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ديد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>ضع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏("م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"،‏ جلد<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> کمکی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>يز يک ع<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی<br />

"<br />

...<br />

(xvii<br />

(Carus)<br />

..."<br />

،١٩٠٧ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ،۴ صفحه (۵٣۶<br />

–<br />

،١٧<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ (۵٣٣)<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه س<strong>ر</strong>يع يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ مُد میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> چه س<strong>ر</strong>يع معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که يک شکل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ع<strong>و</strong>ض شده"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>)‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فيزيک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه تجزيه <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تجزيه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه کشف <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی که ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />

-۴<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مشخص ج<strong>ن</strong>گ فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يجی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلفی که <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>

218<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقيم ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ع"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسیه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><br />

دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> جلسه م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> گل<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئيس<br />

<strong>ب</strong>خش فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص شکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>تيگ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.‏ هگل <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> گفت:‏ ‏"مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تخيله<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>."‏ ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"،‏ يک ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong>ف"‏ س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ جهت يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط کسی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قشه ي<strong>ا</strong> شکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د تعيي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کسی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط مع<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک تخيل م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> ‏"کمکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه"،‏ <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظم"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س يک سيستم س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی،‏ <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> تقليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم که ک<strong>و</strong>شش هم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيته<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ر</strong>أت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"ش<strong>ر</strong>ح چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>کتيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م علم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> دليلی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ط<strong>ر</strong>حی که علم <strong>ر</strong>سم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی يک کُ<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست؟"‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل مسئله س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> علم ‏"يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> تجزيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د...‏<br />

کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ‏‘<strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘‏ ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏<br />

" کي<br />

١٩٠١<br />

(Arthur W. Rücker)<br />

A<br />

) کي<br />

-A<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> گل<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>و</strong> ١٩٠١، خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی،‏<br />

مکمل"‏ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ١٣۴۵<br />

<strong>و</strong> ١٣۴۶

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 219<br />

حلقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تلسک<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> تحليل طيفی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد.‏ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق،‏ مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>)‏ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ هيچ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده معم<strong>و</strong>لی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>)‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شک ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جديد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ن</strong>فی تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>"‏ قط<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د ميلی<br />

ميک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(يک ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ميلی مت<strong>ر</strong>)‏ میدهد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

حي<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

‏"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی علمی ح<strong>ا</strong>کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>و</strong>چک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که شق ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ختهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تخيل علمی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص <strong>ا</strong>ست ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میشد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>دهد.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> معتقدم که يک حد <strong>و</strong>سطی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ا</strong>ثيه تص<strong>ا</strong>دف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

قدم <strong>ن</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چيزکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لز<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سطح ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ ‏"میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> م)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهم که<br />

علي<strong>ر</strong>غم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جمع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که م<strong>ا</strong> حق<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> کليه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه معق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>قي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

عمده تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

١٠<br />

–<br />

(Vitalismus)<br />

–<br />

–

–<br />

220<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح مید<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک ک<strong>پ</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد)‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

چه عميقت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع غي<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی<br />

‏(چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی؟)‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه شکست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>قد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

مل<strong>ا</strong>حظ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>و</strong>يق میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک"‏ <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ "... ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی علم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت هم که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست علم <strong>ن</strong>يست...‏ معهذ<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong> چه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>و</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک علم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<br />

متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل خيلی ش<strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<br />

م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه)‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خط<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کليه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست!‏ عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ "... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه خ<strong>و</strong>د علم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ مثل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که مثل<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دگم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تقدم ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک مثل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کس ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>مکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د!...‏<br />

‏"<strong>و</strong>قتی مسئله <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک کل م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف!)‏ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>...‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عقيده میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> فيزيکی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق دقيق معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

شدت <strong>ب</strong>ه هم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه قل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته...‏<br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تقسيم مجدد م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د...‏ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که دل<strong>ا</strong>يل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>دگی<br />

A<br />

–<br />

A- جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم"،‏ ١٩٠۶، جلد ١، صفحه ٣٠٣

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 221<br />

[<br />

A<br />

فلسفی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز علم فيزيکی"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی)‏ ‏"هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ئت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حمله<br />

کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته که د<strong>ر</strong> جستج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک مخفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong>لی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>)...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>سط<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مدته<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده که<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ه<strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ج علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong>فه<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کي<strong>ر</strong>شهف ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<br />

شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،...‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که مکت<strong>ب</strong> جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مکت<strong>ب</strong> قديم،‏ که تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم مکت<strong>ب</strong> جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه خيلی<br />

م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم<br />

مفيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> جزئي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<br />

متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ يکی معتقد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د محض <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک شم<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>صيفی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>ظيم <strong>ا</strong>ست ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گست<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عملی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يک س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />

مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>هميت..."‏<br />

مسئله ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جهی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فلسفی،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که يکی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میگفت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زمیش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

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–<br />

–<br />

A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعميم د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه ديد فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه حقی <strong>ا</strong>ز علم فيزيکی<br />

هست<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> شج<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

Daß Behauptungen von solcher philosophischen Bedeutung und Tragweite<br />

gesetzmässige Folgerung aus der physikalischen Wissenschaft" (d.h. der<br />

Naturwissenschaft) "seien, das getrauten sich die modernen Physiker nicht direkt zu<br />

behaupten. S.279

..."<br />

222<br />

يک م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />

‏"مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ح مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

مشخص <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که کليه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فتت<strong>ا</strong>حيه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تف<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>ر</strong><br />

سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليکی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تيد <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>يگ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

‎٣٠۵‎؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ليست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می د<strong>و</strong>هم،‏ <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>)‏ د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"عکسه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د که:‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م عکس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(عکس که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست م)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد...‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏(<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>صف <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

يک عکس ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد...‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏’م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏’مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستيژ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>جيهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم همه ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> تقليل میدهد.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

–<br />

١۵<br />

– ۶<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٣ ٧۵، ۵٧، ۶٣، ١۶١،<br />

..."<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(٣١۴<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم حتی لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک عکس ‏"کمت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک عکس <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ‏"غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی"‏ میچس<strong>ب</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شتک میز<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏<br />

تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>زد!‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"،‏ خيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م)‏ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ ‏(که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏<br />

هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

–

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 223<br />

–<br />

–<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>ئی خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فته".‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد حمله مصمم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ئص ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>يع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل"‏<br />

جديديست که خ<strong>و</strong>دس<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کيفي<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> متحمل <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ "...<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم فهميد مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عط<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک شکل <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت چيزی<br />

که <strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>يع <strong>ن</strong>ه گ<strong>ا</strong>ز،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د جسم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

معم<strong>و</strong>لی،‏ يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ‏(کلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

حد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>فت)‏ که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ‏(جلد ی،‏ صفحه ١۴٠)<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>حق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت چيزی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د که جسمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>می ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل م<strong>ا</strong>ده که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>يش چشم<br />

عم<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong>لکه ش<strong>ا</strong>هدی عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ "... تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت کش<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

فيزيک مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهيم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی معتدل <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس د<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عته<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی گست<strong>ر</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> هميشه قله<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>تم سخت <strong>و</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong>فته تک<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ی تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی غم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د..."‏<br />

‏(صفحه ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

هميشه قله م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هميشه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> تد<strong>ر</strong>يجی ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده يک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ يک عل<strong>ا</strong>مت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی محص<strong>و</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>تم مثل يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>و</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ر</strong>ض<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ع ف<strong>و</strong>ت ‏(خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>چک)؛ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عتی مع<strong>ا</strong>دل هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کيل<strong>و</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی شگفت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

١٠٠<br />

-<br />

٢٠٠<br />

٢٧٠<br />

(١۴٣<br />

Apeiron<br />

۵٠<br />

(١۴۴

224<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مخل<strong>و</strong>ق ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم")‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>هيليسم می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏ کليه تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>فهميم،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ک ش<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ح<strong>ر</strong>کت<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۶۶) ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که سعی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهم،‏ <strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که معتقدم،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

فيزيک <strong>و</strong>سيله م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>يشع<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مج<strong>ر</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد...‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٨٠)<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مثل ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‛‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف مع<strong>ر</strong>فی ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کمی ‏"ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز شم<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

-۵<br />

(Hermann Cohen)<br />

،"Geschichte des Materalismus"<br />

(Fr. Albert Lange)<br />

١٨٩۶<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏("ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ"‏<br />

ف<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت.‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><br />

تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شده ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم")‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ف.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ‏(صفحه (xxvi ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مدتی ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>شک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ (Durchwirkung) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم <strong>ب</strong>دهد..."‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تحقيق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ميده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong>لس <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته مقد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عملی س<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏ ‏(صفحه (xxix<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

A<br />

A- :<br />

Im Jahre 1896 schrieb der bekannte Kantianer und Idealist تم<strong>ا</strong>م جمله چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

Hermann Cohen außergewöhnlich feierlich und frohlockend in der Einleitung zur 5<br />

Auflage der von Fr. Albert Lange Falsifizierten "Geschichte des Materialismus".

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 225<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی مکت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>حی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>هت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />

<strong>و</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه <strong>ن</strong>شده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ‏"معجزه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong>"ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میده<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی ‏(<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ حد دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مه<strong>ن</strong>دسی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>دی)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>ديده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ گ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم...‏<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متحد خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عقيده میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

عجي<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />

چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه جزئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جل<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع مقدمه فلسفی<br />

ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه معم<strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

عليه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ر</strong>سيده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی غل<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د . <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت جز<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خش میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>يژه فلسفی<br />

می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong>تز،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میچس<strong>ب</strong>د."‏ که تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />

فيزيک میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> ‏"ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

–<br />

–<br />

A<br />

–<br />

C<br />

–<br />

١٨۶٩<br />

–<br />

–<br />

B<br />

A- Archiv für systematische Philosophie, Bd v, 1898 – 1899, S. 69 - 170<br />

B - Heinrich Hertz, Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 3, Leipzig 1894, bes. S. 1-2-49<br />

C- "Kantstudien", Bd. VIII, 1903, S. 309

"<br />

B<br />

[<br />

A<br />

226<br />

معم<strong>و</strong>لی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ‏[که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز هم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> علت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د دقيق<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>يم،‏ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهيم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ‏(فيزيک م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>جهی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>ف زد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چيزی که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عديم که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ شکل <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع مهم <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م مفيد <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ جلد<br />

صفحه ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ن</strong>تی...‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>صطک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"‏ تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(حلد يک،‏ صفحه ٣۵۴)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز<br />

هم خط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong><br />

ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong>سيع ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يک<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میدهد؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سه م<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ژ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ا</strong>دمی عل<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"جستج<strong>و</strong>"‏ میشد <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>تجعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ف<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong><br />

يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ )<br />

، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>ر</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ن</strong>يستيم.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>جه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>.‏ ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"فيزيک<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong>شد ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکی د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت ت<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

،٣<br />

–<br />

comptes rendus des seanves de<br />

Eduard von<br />

Die<br />

)<br />

–<br />

(١٩٠٨<br />

(٢١<br />

٢٢)<br />

L'Academie des Sciences, S. 1311<br />

(Hartmann<br />

Weltanschaung der modernen Physik, 1902, Leipzig)<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"عکسی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

,dass Hertz "immer noch an der Existenz der Welt an sich festhält" usw.<br />

-B<br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ جلد ١٩٠۶، ١۶، شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ٢، صفحه ‎١۶۴‎؛ مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 227<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(٢١٨<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> سه سيستم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

هيل<strong>و</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>تيکس ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت)،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم.‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />

ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيل<strong>و</strong>کس<strong>ن</strong>تيکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٩٠)، که <strong>ن</strong>قص عمده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>ديست که خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هيل<strong>و</strong>کس<strong>ن</strong>تيکس خ<strong>ا</strong>لص میدهد."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک م)‏ يک متحد دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(‏‎١٩٢٠‎صفحه ،(vi <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم حقيقی يک م<strong>ر</strong>تجع حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که ديد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>شد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong><br />

خشک مغز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه...‏ ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج د<strong>ر</strong><br />

فيزيک می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که ‏"ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>سعت<br />

<strong>و</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت کس<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز قضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عليت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>...‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی عليت،‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی)‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ که فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ مشخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> عمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />

تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٩<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مُد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

يک چ<strong>ر</strong>خش فلسفی جدی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مد"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مع ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ عليت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه"‏<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />

) <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />

(٢١٨ –<br />

–<br />

(١٨٩<br />

Kinesis<br />

"<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

Hyle<br />

(١٣۶<br />

"Anglomania"<br />

–

228<br />

فيزيکی؛ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک لشگ<strong>ر</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يستيم.‏<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>گذشت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>خی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دگمه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>ر</strong>سيد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش يک،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ز.‏ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د کليه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ميش<strong>و</strong>يم."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>ی)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت شخص صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"عکس ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م)‏ يک ‏"عکس عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> ‏(صفحه ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

عقيده ک<strong>و</strong>دک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ن</strong>گی که شکسته د<strong>ر</strong>د کشيده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

شخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>دی ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ر</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده مشخص تحصيل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد <strong>و</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٨۶) <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل علم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

–<br />

(Ludwig Boltzmann)<br />

(٢٩<br />

(٧٧<br />

A<br />

(١۶٨<br />

–<br />

(۶<br />

B<br />

(١٧۶<br />

–<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ٢٠<br />

(٣٩۶<br />

ل.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد مج<strong>ا</strong>دله میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ن</strong>ه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی ‏(يک د<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ر</strong>م ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع س<strong>ر</strong>عت)‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه حذف،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>م ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طلی میچ<strong>ر</strong>خيد.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> علم،‏ مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د؛ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س تحليل دقيق ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که ض<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م،‏ معک<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>و</strong> جسم م<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ب</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک جسم معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ‏(مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی)‏ کليه <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

(١١٢<br />

(١۴۶<br />

١٣٩<br />

A - Ludwig Boltzmann, Populäre Schriften, Leipzig, 1905, S 187<br />

B - Siegmund Günther, "Geschichte der anorganischen Naturwissenschaften im 19.<br />

Jahrhundert", Berlin 1901, S. 942 und 941<br />

١١١

<strong>ب</strong>(‏<br />

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 229<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده)‏ مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت حذف ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> همه ج<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تجمعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت<br />

متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میدهد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه فيزيک ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گفت که ‏"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت يک مع<strong>ا</strong>دله<br />

ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هم ش<strong>و</strong>يم...‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم شک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عکس جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong> کميت <strong>و</strong>سيعی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه،‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد گفت:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حده<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

شد."‏ ‏(صفحه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong>حدت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هته<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل هيد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

يک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>صطک<strong>ا</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong><br />

مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ چه کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ‏"فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ن</strong>قل<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د متخصص د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"شيمی فيزيکی"‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت متض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>)‏ م<strong>و</strong>ضعی متخ<strong>ا</strong>صم <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٣٨١) ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مشخص <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ملی که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمل<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<br />

(Einzelwesen)<br />

(۵٧<br />

(Vaubel)<br />

(١۴۴<br />

(١۵۶<br />

(٣۵٧<br />

(Gasreibung)<br />

(٢٢٣<br />

١٨٩٩<br />

١٩٠٣

Zeemanneffekt)<br />

230<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏(ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ زيم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>فکت<br />

شدت <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهف<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏(تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته)‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>تم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

–<br />

A<br />

(٣٨١<br />

‏(صفحه ٣٨٣)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيزه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

B<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف سعی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"د<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم فلسفی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه د<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی عل<strong>و</strong>م دقيق"،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ،‏ ١٩٠٧، که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>م<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف گفته شده ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏"ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> شده،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ط<strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ج<strong>ن</strong>گی عليه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

فيزيک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د ‏(<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه صفحه <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />

‏"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ تقليل میدهد.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

کل<strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی"‏ ‏(صفحه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> ‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه ل<strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی.‏ ‏(صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی که<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

‏"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی کشش <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>)‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ،Ladungen) صفحه ٢٢٣) ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی خ<strong>ا</strong>لصی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

مگ<strong>ر</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه،‏ متح<strong>ر</strong>ک،‏ چه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صلهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ضعيت <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صله زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong>ل تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد."‏<br />

Philosophische Voraussetzung der exakten Natur-" (Erich Becher)<br />

"wissenschaften<br />

(٩١<br />

(iii<br />

(٧ – ٢<br />

(von Wahrgenommenwerden unabhängige Existenz)<br />

٧٨ – ٨٢<br />

(١٣٨<br />

(Empfindungsmonismus)<br />

conscientia<br />

(١۵۶<br />

–<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

-B

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 231<br />

د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

-۶<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>ن</strong>يز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>ه کمت<strong>ر</strong> مصمم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تزلزل<strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong>خی چس<strong>ب</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ديديم که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله<br />

خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيست ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حتی م<strong>و</strong>فقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه ل ‏ُ<strong>ر</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق علم عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی هست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />

که علم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز فع<strong>ا</strong>ليته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت عملی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>و</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ علم ‏"سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليک"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خی حقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ه.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>يجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی دست<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>چه شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

حمله <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ فقط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چه م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز متحدي<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"م.‏ لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی عقل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت مث ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> قل<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>م."‏ ‏:ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>دهد."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>لعمله<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

عمل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>ر</strong> کل مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چيزکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم هيچ<br />

چيز <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم؟"‏ ‏(صفحه ٢١٩)<br />

ه.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک مت<strong>و</strong>سل میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> دهد؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی هم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی علم <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>عت می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک حقيقت<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حقيقت<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی علم ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تشخيص میدهد که شخص<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج عليه ‏ِل<strong>ر</strong>ُی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم چيست؟ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

(Le Roy)<br />

La valeur la science<br />

qu'ils )<br />

–<br />

(٢١۵ –<br />

٢١۴<br />

(٢٢۵<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>ن</strong>قص عمده کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>،‏ جهل مطلق <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهل غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> مهمل گ<strong>و</strong>ئی میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مکث ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏

ته<strong>ا</strong><br />

232<br />

nous font eprouver)<br />

(٢٧٠<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>د گذ<strong>ر</strong> متحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

– ٢۶٩<br />

..."<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />

که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شيل<strong>و</strong>ف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> حمله <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت که <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ جسم خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٧٠)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> چه هلهله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ چه<br />

لطيفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>تذلی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گفته میشد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>چ صفحه <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ هيچ مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

چيزی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه؛ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> ژ<strong>ر</strong>ژ س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د تعلق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل"‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح لِ<strong>ر</strong>ُی"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د"،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> علم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مع<strong>ر</strong>فت د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong> خلق شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ‏("مشغلهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

(٢٧۶<br />

"Georges Sorel, "Les pre'occupations me'taphysiques des<br />

modernes" ،physiciens <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ،١٩٠٧ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٧٧ ٨٠ – (٨١<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"فلسفه"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گذشت،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی مکث ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ که <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی"‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تقليل میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست<br />

مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مسئله<strong>ا</strong>يست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط جيم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

فلسفی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه مسئله تصحيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه)<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>خی که <strong>ا</strong>ز کل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی"‏ ‏(صفحه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د حق<strong>و</strong>ق<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

عقل <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>و</strong>ق علم ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

– ٢<br />

(٣١١<br />

(٢٠٠<br />

٢١٠)، ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

(A. Rey)<br />

–<br />

٢٢٠<br />

٣۶٢<br />

–<br />

٢٢٠<br />

–<br />

١٧

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 233<br />

فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>)‏ چس<strong>ب</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ‏"عق<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيک"‏ ‏(صفحه ٣) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>کز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تحليل چيست<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که تفسي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong>خ ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سه<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گ<strong>ر</strong>فت که<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)‏ يک فهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست محض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

‏"خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جديد مهم فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

جزئی ظ<strong>ر</strong>يفت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تقدم <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

که يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی عليه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

کلمه ‏’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه‘‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تد<strong>ر</strong>يج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جزئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه علم تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق <strong>و</strong> تصفيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />

حقيقت میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه شک <strong>ن</strong>يست که کل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع کلمه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<br />

مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت جزئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی کلمه ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"!‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف متهم میک<strong>ن</strong>د چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ر</strong>يف مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف د<strong>ر</strong> علم<br />

فيزيک م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزيست که ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ تسلطی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

شيئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ du) "(en face ‏(صفحه ٣١۴)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>غه چه د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ر</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت شيئ"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شيئ د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج dehors) quelque‏)خ<strong>و</strong>د chose du <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

مي<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د!‏ <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چيزی جز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

چيزيست که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش<br />

کل<strong>ا</strong>می تهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> گفته میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه تحميل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که س<strong>ا</strong>خته م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حد معي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ر</strong>د تف<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>صل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>يز د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ق ج<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد ت<strong>ا</strong> کليه<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

(٣٩٨<br />

"<br />

S.324) ،(se pose et en se posant s'impose, <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ<br />

(impose)<br />

–<br />

(٣٢٠

–<br />

٢٣٧): ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

234<br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> م)‏ ‏"کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکی،‏ کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه عليت<br />

‏(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>)‏ شخص <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

فيزيک <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی میي<strong>ا</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ همي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ خصيصه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> علم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>تی"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ج د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ک<strong>ن</strong>د".‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تز)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٣۵)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ک<strong>پ</strong>يه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مکت<strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی"‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی.‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تخفيف ده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی که کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

می<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

سمتگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عليت <strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د"‏ ‏(صفحه ‎٧۶‎‏)؛ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ قطع<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه عليت د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ...‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><br />

قطعه تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فيزيکی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ کل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م)‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />

<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ تحليل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م،‏ ميل<br />

<strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه علی هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong>لتی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ع<strong>ا</strong>دت<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong> تز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه عليت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تز م)‏ چيزی <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل يک خط ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که علم،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>و</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک."‏ ‏(صفحه ١١٧)<br />

"<br />

:٢٣۴<br />

٣٣<br />

(Le decalaque)<br />

،equivoque) صفحه (١١۵<br />

١١٢<br />

Analyse der Empfindungen Wärmelehre<br />

–<br />

–

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 235<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه عليت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>می ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت"‏ می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ دف<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته که ف<strong>ر</strong>ق<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تسليم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل خط دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ کلمه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مثل م<strong>ا</strong>خ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت – حتی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی میشت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د":‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />

‏"م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>جه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ی،‏<br />

صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چه تشخيص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> چه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شک<strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ! ‏"<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خليج ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تفسي<strong>ر</strong> هستی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی جد<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>)...‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مع<strong>ر</strong>فت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٠٠)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت خليج ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سط ‏"مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ خليجی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />

جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ‏"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د،‏ مع<strong>ن</strong>ی کلمه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>محس<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست که<br />

‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> فيشته ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهی"‏ ضديت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مکت<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فيزکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ مل<strong>ا</strong>يم ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مکت<strong>ب</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

–<br />

A<br />

convenience<br />

(١٩۶<br />

<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

فلسفی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د کشيد <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضحت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی هم چشم<br />

-A

ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

236<br />

مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>يم<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><br />

عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت محد<strong>و</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ مع<strong>ا</strong>دلهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيزيک<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏’مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>‘‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل ل<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ژ<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />

يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيم.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل عم<strong>و</strong>می مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

حل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<br />

دليل <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست..."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

‏"همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کميته<strong>ا</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت ت<strong>ن</strong>زل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شکل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏"همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه علم،‏ ‏"همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه فيزيک".‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ر</strong>طی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏<br />

(٢۶٢<br />

(Lagrange)<br />

(unbestimmtheit)<br />

(٢۵٣<br />

١٩٠٢<br />

(Alfred Cornu)<br />

.<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>گذشت ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓلف<strong>ر</strong>د کُ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دی"‏ ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> غل<strong>ب</strong>ه)‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدی ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> گفت:‏ "... ه<strong>ر</strong> چه<br />

عميقت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد م)‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ مسئله <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی...‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ‏(ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده گ<strong>و</strong>ل ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

subtile) ،(matiere <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د...‏ گشت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏<br />

‏("گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی فيزيک"‏<br />

ل<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"فيزيک<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>صح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>ة<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم جذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

Revue generale des sciences, 1895, S. 130-)<br />

١٩٠٠<br />

"Rapports presentes au congres international de<br />

،١٩٠٠ ،t.4-me صفحه (٧<br />

،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١۴<br />

–<br />

(131<br />

،physique" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>فت.‏ modern") ،"La physique <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 237<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی علم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد."‏<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>زی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>هم ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک علم)‏ د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(علم م)<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عي<strong>ن</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>ف شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ق<strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم،‏ مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شيئ <strong>و</strong> عملی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د...‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>هميت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميتی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />

<strong>ن</strong>زديک شد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong>سيد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تقسيم د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

–<br />

(٣۶٨<br />

(٣۶٨<br />

يک ‏"فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست"‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />

-٧<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>عدی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ م<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط مهمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>عظم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له د<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفه <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٧ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست فلسفی ‏"حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی"،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د خلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> محيطه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د يک تعزيه<br />

يک مدح <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فقيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ شيشکي<strong>ن</strong> ‏(مت<strong>و</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> شيفته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>و</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه دست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏(صفحه ٣٣٩)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک م<strong>ر</strong>د شديد<strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏<br />

يک ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ديمي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>يف <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> علی<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که خط<br />

عمده ‏"تل<strong>ا</strong>ش"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ليس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

– eloge<br />

–<br />

(١٩٠۶<br />

١١٣<br />

–

238<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش خستگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق علم <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>و</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل،‏ يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست حقيقی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ق<strong>ب</strong>لی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه تل<strong>ا</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دهم که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز چه مص<strong>ا</strong>لح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق مح<strong>ر</strong>ز،‏ تعميمه<strong>ا</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> يک لحظه معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته علم م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> حتی تخيل<strong>ا</strong>ت علمی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong>ه شخصيت <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علمی <strong>و</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>و</strong>ق م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دسکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت علمی يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سيستم غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

متح<strong>ر</strong>ک دگم <strong>ا</strong>لز<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی همه،‏ چه قد<strong>ر</strong> کم عمق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(زي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>:‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده که هدف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که مص<strong>ا</strong>لح علمی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع:‏ ‏’<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده‘‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خز ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏’معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>‘‏ ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ست.")‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص علم مقص<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديلی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ عجيتت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong>سمی<br />

هم م<strong>ر</strong>تک<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که کليه ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ست که ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی<br />

جز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفته شده <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک قه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک شي<strong>و</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د..."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>له.‏ <strong>ب</strong>له...‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>!‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی م<strong>ا</strong>هيت حقيقی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديده ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ثم<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />

متحد س<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ف علمی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه يکی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مثل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‛‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"!‏ ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>ظمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست يک سمتگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی ده<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"غل<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ تض<strong>ا</strong>د ‏"مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک،‏ محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده،‏<br />

ف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سعت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی م)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش مش<strong>ا</strong>هده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حق<strong>ا</strong>يق تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی محد<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه د<strong>و</strong> خط <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک يک س<strong>ر</strong>قت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

،(٣۴١<br />

–<br />

(٣۴٢<br />

–

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 239<br />

–<br />

("Woprossy Filossofii i Psichologii", Heft 1, S. 127)<br />

–<br />

شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت."‏<br />

شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی فيزيکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعلق د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ شيشگي<strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف<br />

متس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مج<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> م)‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏<br />

شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> خيلی <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت..."‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته..."‏ <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> هم غلط میگ<strong>و</strong>يد.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>)<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س..."‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ق<strong>ر</strong>مز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>ر</strong>يلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عض<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که علم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شيشگي<strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏"مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه"‏ (Gegenüberstellung)<br />

۴۵٠<br />

۶۵٠<br />

٨- م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی"‏<br />

A<br />

ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>حث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک سيستم فلسفی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه علل عم<strong>و</strong>می معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>و</strong>زه فلسفه<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط"‏<br />

[<br />

erkenntnistheoretischen Schlußfolgerungen, S. 305<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی

–<br />

iv<br />

xii<br />

–<br />

240<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ش<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>عه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مُد <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی مختص <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong>هی که ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع م)‏ <strong>ا</strong>شغ<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"فلسفه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم"،‏ ‏"فلسفه مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> عل<strong>و</strong>م"،‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ يک د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه <strong>و</strong> ، هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کليه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی متم<strong>ا</strong>يز میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> کل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک کل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>.‏ د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>لژيکی،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مش<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جهت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مش<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ش<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مث ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>يژه.‏ سه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی،‏ که همهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش قطعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ميک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که سعی<br />

می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست يکه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

همه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ کم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش قطعی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تيزی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شخصی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(مثل م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی مکت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ شک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيتی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شد<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ‏(که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>دقيق <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم،‏ هيل<strong>و</strong>کي<strong>ن</strong>هتيک<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته)‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>می د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> که خيلی عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد قسمتی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ل.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> حمله ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صف ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

–<br />

" کي "<br />

(Hylokinetik)<br />

–<br />

١٨۶۶<br />

–<br />

(Werke, Bd. 10, S. 197)

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 241<br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>هميت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مث ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل مح<strong>ر</strong>که<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چشم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />

يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت يک تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

فلسفی،‏ عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی،‏ مدته<strong>ا</strong>ی مديد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ ف.<strong>ا</strong>.‏<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>خت؛<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میدهد)‏ ژ.‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی جذ<strong>ب</strong><br />

شد<strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />

جذ<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مکت<strong>ب</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم)‏ <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی که د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ک<strong>ر</strong>ده يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>قتی،‏ يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ علم،‏ يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ست که عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> شديد مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مح<strong>ر</strong>ز<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>صل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی"‏ مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

گ<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تیي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عليه فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف همه شکگ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف عقيده"‏ ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>).‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف ‏"چيزی عليه عي<strong>ن</strong>يت فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فيزيک،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلفی تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شکل <strong>و</strong> خص<strong>و</strong>صيت عم<strong>و</strong>می تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم مشخص<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کشفی ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جزئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م)‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک ع<strong>و</strong>ض شده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ يک عص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت ژ<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيز <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کتي<strong>و</strong>يته <strong>ن</strong>يز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق می<strong>ا</strong>فتد...‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسی که <strong>ب</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تف<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ا</strong>صله ل<strong>ا</strong>زم می<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> زحمت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ، تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />

–<br />

١٨٨٢<br />

A<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

صفحه ١۵<br />

ي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ر</strong>مک<br />

Philosophie und Kantianismus<br />

‏(فلسفه <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)،‏ ،Eisenach ١٨٨٢،

242<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میديد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ ‏(ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کتش<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت عظيم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه<br />

علمی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧٢<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جیگ<strong>ر</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د کليه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی متحد ک<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ خي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت کذ<strong>ب</strong>؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تصفيه شده)‏ شکی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه علمی"‏ هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong>ی مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی"ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خصلت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی فيزيک،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>می علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> غل<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ی مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>جیگ<strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد که <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی مستقيم،‏ قطعی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق،‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی ده<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی علمی که م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د خلق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مشخص د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی د<strong>ا</strong>خل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز علم فيزيک يک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

مج<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>زديک ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>م عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م فيزيک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ته<strong>ا</strong>جم خصلت <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> فهم فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>تی که ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> مشکل<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت ق<strong>و</strong>يست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د؟..."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٢٧)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فلسفی"‏ مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که تخيل<strong>ا</strong>ت مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهم<strong>ن</strong>د کشيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>هم عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک کشيده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حفظ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>دته<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که حتی د<strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست محکمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم س<strong>ا</strong>خته میشد که ‏(مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم م)‏ میک<strong>و</strong>شيد جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زس<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />

س<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> همه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

(crise de croissance)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

.<br />

–<br />

(٢٧٠ –<br />

–<br />

–<br />

..."<br />

(decalquer)

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 243<br />

–<br />

–<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،‏ فيزيک <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>پ</strong>يچيدگی <strong>و</strong> گم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م)‏ خيلی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی،‏ خيلی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع،‏ خيلی خشک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که تم<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت فيزيک<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میدهد حسی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کليه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>می مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی گفته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه غل<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ميد...‏ فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک فيزيک <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />

شده <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>سمی فيزيک ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع شد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص؛ فيزيک<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میشد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که معت<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>طقی)‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی که<br />

فهميد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>مش <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د محد<strong>و</strong>د میديد،‏ لز<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هميشه تم<strong>ا</strong>يل د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حد<br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ت تقليل دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی<br />

کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد.‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مح<strong>و</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه<br />

میشد<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>دهد،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم...‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک مفه<strong>و</strong>م،‏ همه ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong>شی<br />

malaise) ،(le <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س شکل <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />

که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣٢<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی".‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت علم<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>و</strong>فقيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عظيمی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی کس<strong>ب</strong> شده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تش<strong>و</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده چشم <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

مع<strong>ا</strong>دله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>حله <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جديد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده که<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>جد می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضي<strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

مد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> محصلي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم که د<strong>ر</strong> عص<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(ف.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>ی مسخ<strong>ر</strong>ه يک<br />

،Materialismus چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم،‏<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> چيزی جز يک شيفتگی م<strong>و</strong>قت عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

(٢٢٨ –<br />

Geschichte des<br />

،١٨٩۶ جلد ،٢ صفحه (xiix<br />

–<br />

(edifie)

244<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>يژگی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غ<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>ا</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>گ میز<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی تحصيل<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه جهل <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />

ستم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>و</strong>حشي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خلق<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

علت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت<br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>صلی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه محکمی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏<br />

مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ش<strong>ا</strong>يد مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مص<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ب</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد که مثل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کلمه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حس<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگی تقل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی معتدل <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> معتدل ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ‏"<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

معتدل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> عمل،‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ،‏ می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ هيچ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏"غي<strong>ر</strong> معتدلی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مثل يک عط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ کمی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> جهل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />

می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>،‏ مهمل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قدمی فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق فيزيکی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت مح<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"فيزيکی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کل.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز مجم<strong>و</strong>ع حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

حقيقت علمی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

‏"مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هفت مُه<strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

،(٢١۵<br />

(Berman)

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 245<br />

A<br />

د<strong>و</strong>هم<br />

C<br />

B<br />

‏[ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک"‏ <strong>پ</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد،‏ که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مختلف<br />

متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه مختلف <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(تخصص د<strong>و</strong>هم د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> يک هگلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه که<strong>ن</strong> هگلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> شد)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>تمی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه محد<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تحج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قصی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> شکست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> کليه<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> جهل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>)‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> هسته عظيم <strong>و</strong> حقيقی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی که<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جزئی،‏ مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میلغزد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فيزيک،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ‏[<strong>و</strong>قتی يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عی مید<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ختی د<strong>و</strong>هم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليتسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

(١۵٠<br />

(٢٨٠<br />

١٨۴٨<br />

(Stallo) [<br />

–<br />

A- P. Duhem, "La the'orie physique, son objet et sa structure", Paris 1906.<br />

-B<br />

Werke wie "Die theorie der Physik" von P. Duhem oder " Die Begriffe und Theorien<br />

der modernen Physik" von Stallo,... S. 312<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>...‏<br />

C- J. B. Stallo, "the concepts and Theories of Modern Physics", London 1882, Es gibt<br />

eine französische und eine deutsche Übersetzung.

246<br />

A<br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ [<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم سُ<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>و</strong>هم می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه غلط،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>لکه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

علمی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ خي<strong>ا</strong>لی ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی مث ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی شط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(صفحه مسئله <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>!‏ مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ختي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>ئم ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ‏(صفحه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک قدم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> ‏"فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong>"‏ که <strong>پ</strong>ی<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی م<strong>و</strong>عظه<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٢۶ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> ‏(ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز)‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />

که مدعی <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"صحيح<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د":‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong>هم ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>هم سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مثل م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه چيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

قطعهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>ا</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م صد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست،"‏<br />

میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د که ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که صد<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ديک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>يع <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل فيزيک مس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong>ئم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د مص<strong>ا</strong>لح جديد خسته <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی خسته <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

(٢٧<br />

–<br />

،(١٠<br />

٢۶)، س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

(٧<br />

<strong>و</strong> ١۶٠)<br />

B<br />

(٢٧۴<br />

-<br />

(٣٢<br />

-<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

شخصی يک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ميک<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مسئله د<strong>و</strong>هم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میفهم<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

Er rennt doch offene Türen ein! Denkt der Marxist, der die langen Betrachtungen<br />

über dieses Thema liest. Aber das ist eben das Unglück der <strong>و</strong>Duhem <strong>و</strong>Stallo Mach,<br />

Poincare', daß sie die von dem dialektischen Materialismus geöffnete Tür nicht sehen.<br />

S. 313<br />

-B<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت مت<strong>ر</strong>جم <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong>هم،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ ١٩٠٨، ج.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت

فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 247<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که فيزيک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong>د دي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />

<strong>ر</strong>د خش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک حقيقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی خستگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک يک سيستم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ س<strong>ا</strong>ختکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>...‏ فيزيک يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ) صفحه ۴۴۵)<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ل<strong>ا</strong>س میز<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong>جز<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"،‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"‏ دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قدم ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قدم <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش حقيقی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه حقيقی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ه مستقيم <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

(٢٩٠<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ "...<br />

A<br />

A- شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>مسی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟<br />

چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی سيم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د؟"‏ ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>مسی)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يک م<strong>و</strong>ج،‏ مثل م<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی سيم <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ر</strong>مسی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>مسی،‏ ‏"مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی"،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه هلي<strong>و</strong>م میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته مث<strong>ب</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ده ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته چيست؟ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ يکی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میشد <strong>و</strong><br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ تحقيق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محتمل س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته م<strong>ن</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میشد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong>،‏ يک هفت صدم ج<strong>ر</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>تم<br />

ئيد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میفهميد<strong>ن</strong>د که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"،‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست که علم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

١۶٠) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

١٧۶) ‏"<strong>پ</strong>س<br />

،١٩٠٨ صفحه (١٢۶<br />

(١٩۶<br />

–

248<br />

هفت <strong>و</strong> هشت،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>لکه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"هدف غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔمل <strong>و</strong> حتی گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هدف <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ فيزيک<br />

مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه ز<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ت<strong>و</strong>لد <strong>ب</strong>چه د<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>لم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>س<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>د سطل <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی،‏ کل فلسفه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتکی هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏

فصل ششم 249<br />

<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<br />

١١٤<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> هم<br />

مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سک<strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>تست<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که سعی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که شده،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>خشیه<strong>ا</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چيزی جز <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ حتی يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong><br />

ه<strong>ر</strong>گز کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله کمی مکث میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

(Russkoje Bogatstowo)<br />

دخ<strong>ا</strong>لته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>-ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> حيطه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

-١<br />

A<br />

١٨٩۵<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میشد،‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی"،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ ف.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد.‏ کليه معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>يح <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>لکه ‏(عليه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ م)‏ علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>يز که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ر</strong>يد ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی م)‏ عليه<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی مسلح میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ عليه مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(F. Blei)<br />

A- "Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie", 1895, Bd. XIX, F. Blei,<br />

"Die Metaphysik in der Nationalökonomie", S. 378 - 390

250 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

–<br />

[<br />

A<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong>فتد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی عليه مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

ذیعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏<br />

ف.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"هدف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی هميشه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی...’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> زيستی <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> علمی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> مي<strong>و</strong>ه چه خ<strong>ا</strong>کی هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏[<strong>ب</strong>ی محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> تعظيم<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ عملی <strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />

مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>و</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت متعدد د<strong>ر</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏’<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی‘‏<br />

‏’<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>و</strong>مه میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقی،‏ ‏"خصيصه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط ‏"تحليل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت"‏ <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>و</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد؛ فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏’ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح‘‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ ‏’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

گشت<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ ‏’<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘‏ ‏’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه‘‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏’ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘،‏ ‏’<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه‘،‏ ‏’مزد‘‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏’س<strong>و</strong>د‘.‏ <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ‏’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘،‏ ‏’ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>‘‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘‏ صفت ‏’طم<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>د‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

(Initialabschnitt)<br />

(Finalabschnitt)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(Wirkungen der Seele)<br />

(٢٧٨<br />

–<br />

٧٩<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

‏’عملی‘،‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏’ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس‘‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏’متي<strong>ن</strong>‘‏<br />

(Sinnfällige)<br />

،(nüchterne)<br />

می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د...‏<br />

Sie dücken sich die voraussetzungslosesten Realisten, da sie sich ja mit den so,<br />

`[nüchternen]´, `praktischen´ und `[sinnfälligen]´, wirtschaftlichen Erscheinungen<br />

befassen... S.318

فصل ششم 251<br />

صفت ‏’مکمل‘‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> صفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏’عملک<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه‘‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

شد<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٢<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليزم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

دست زد،‏ <strong>و</strong> هدف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديد<strong>ن</strong> يک ‏’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک‘‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏’مح<strong>ا</strong>فظت ک<strong>ن</strong>د‘.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏’مح<strong>ا</strong>فظت‘‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> يک تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت حي<strong>ا</strong>تی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جز<strong>ء</strong> متشکل د<strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل<br />

‏’خشم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ر</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>‘‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

‏’ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د‘‏ <strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏’<strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی‘‏ هست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ت<strong>و</strong>ده يک حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست که س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليلی که حقيقت ق<strong>ب</strong>لی تحمل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"فق<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه"‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ف.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> قطعه ف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>خش مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه م<strong>ا</strong>ست جد<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

يک کلمه تک<strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی:‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏’ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘‏ که يک ‏’حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت ‏’شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی غي<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه‘‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>خش غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی ‏’<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘‏ می<strong>ر</strong>سد.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه<strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ِ‏ ‏’د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>‘‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه،‏ ‏’جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏’حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه<br />

‏’حف<strong>ا</strong>ظت ک<strong>ن</strong>د‘.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ‏’ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی شده‘‏ چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ‏’<strong>ب</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی‘‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش مستقل،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏’حقيقت مطلق‘‏ ‏’ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه گذشته‘‏ يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

شده ‏’<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت‘‏ خ<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيله سيستم <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ...‏ ‏’حقيقت‘‏ ‏’ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏ د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی ‏’حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏ حف<strong>ا</strong>ظت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه گذشته <strong>ن</strong>قد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨۶<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل مفصل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

علمی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س زي<strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جيده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>فهمد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>زمي<strong>ن</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

Initialabschnitt,<br />

(٣٨۴ –<br />

Medialabschnitt,<br />

Wer den Feind will verstehen, muss )<br />

)<br />

١١٦<br />

(٣٨١ –<br />

١١٥<br />

(Medialabschnitt)<br />

– abgebrochen)<br />

...(Finalabschnitt

252 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

(im Feindes Lande gehen<br />

–<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده دع<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دلقک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ش<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه يک:‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که ‏"<strong>ن</strong>قد"‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ‏"مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که يک ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د تز<strong>ر</strong>يق ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که<br />

کليه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏<br />

متهم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>:‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزکی <strong>ا</strong>ست که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ‏(فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی).‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

هم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که ‏"مسئ<strong>و</strong>ل"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

ج<strong>ن</strong>گ عليه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت غ<strong>ر</strong>يز<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تصديق خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت کليه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت عظيم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه سه:‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"شخصيت"‏ يک<br />

‏(کميت ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م)،‏ يک چيز <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ف<strong>ر</strong>عی"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک تحليل ،des gefundenen يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده،‏ تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حجت يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ حق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong>د ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>:‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ‏"غي<strong>ر</strong> زيستی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست که علم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>هد.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />

سفسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"زيستی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه معل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج:‏ ج<strong>ب</strong>هه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ج<strong>ب</strong>ههگي<strong>ر</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه حل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش تعيي<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک کل،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>شته ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تعج<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

Quantite negligeable<br />

(Schrulle)<br />

cypher<br />

–

فصل ششم 253<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه شش:‏ تمسخ<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ‏"عي<strong>ن</strong>ی".‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی يک م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ه حس ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حس<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong> کل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی که دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مطمئ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د شد)‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گفت:‏<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک چه<strong>ر</strong>ه کج <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>و</strong>ج س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دقت تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حس<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> لس<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مسئله م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت مط<strong>ر</strong>ح میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />

ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه شکلی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>"مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تيت<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

س<strong>و</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong>هده خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ ‏"خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

عمده ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق،‏ زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong>سيم."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هدف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

متم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ديک<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه که<strong>و</strong>لت،‏ ‏"ع<strong>ا</strong>قلت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ د<strong>ر</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>و</strong>قع"‏ ‏(صفحه يک عل<strong>ا</strong>مت س<strong>ر</strong>سخت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>سخت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت يک<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>چه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل <strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د؟"‏ ‏(صفحه ۶٢)<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فِ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ " خصيصه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>صلی کليه <strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ف تفک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> عمل م<strong>ا</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"خيلیه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک کليد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ميزی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته تحمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يک عکس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که کج<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته کمت<strong>ر</strong> تحمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>و</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏ ‏(صفحه ٧٢، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت مطلق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم جلد د<strong>و</strong>م تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

(iii ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

(vollkommene)<br />

A<br />

–<br />

(٧٢<br />

–<br />

(Philister)<br />

A- "Einführung in die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung"<br />

B - "Auf dem Wege zum Dauernden"<br />

(endgültige)<br />

(۶٠<br />

(٧٣<br />

(۶٢<br />

B

254 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

A<br />

ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک مطلق،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تفعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ همه ميل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيع ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

لذت <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت گست<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت قله میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عميق د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ن</strong>هفته شده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه يک<br />

فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک هدف ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد."‏ ‏(صفحه يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ر</strong>دم ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک کلکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ليست قيمته<strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک هيچ چيز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست."‏ ‏(صفحه ٧۴)<br />

شخصی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی تعليم <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>و</strong>سيع ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میدهد.‏<br />

‏"هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست."،‏ هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>سخه<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت...‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> سع<strong>ا</strong>دت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه شک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> صلح،‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong>ليد <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />

کمک <strong>ا</strong>ست....‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی کمک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ يک <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت ده<strong>ن</strong>ده غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت غ<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه کسی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>گ دست<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد ت<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>یف<strong>ا</strong>يده يک د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>لخم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تحت<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ت<strong>و</strong>جيه<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>صفی <strong>پ</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م ‏"ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(قسمت د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ جلد<br />

"Dauerbestande der Seele ‏("ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح")،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش يک:‏ "<br />

"Dauerbestande ‏(د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی")‏ ‏"ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د هيچ تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> متشکل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٠٢) ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />

<strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

‏"علم"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت"‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م دهد.‏ <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت کمک ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ن</strong>ه.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

(٧٣<br />

Die " :٢<br />

Vom ethischen<br />

–<br />

(٢٠٧<br />

(٢١٣<br />

(endgültig)<br />

A - "Die psychische Tendenz zur Stabilität"

فصل ششم 255<br />

[<br />

A<br />

‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.‏ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت س<strong>و</strong>د<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه،‏ مزد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ ‏(صفحه ٢٢٣)، کليه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دگی مزد"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میشد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کيف<strong>ر</strong> شکست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>؟ خي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ شکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تش <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏ تحت <strong>ا</strong>سم ‏"ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

<strong>ر</strong>د شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی کليه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گست<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>لگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی ‏"ستم قه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قليت"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

٢، قسمت<br />

–<br />

۴١<br />

(٢٢٩<br />

(٢٣٠<br />

٢) ‏"<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يتکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏<br />

B<br />

(٢۴٠<br />

گشت <strong>و</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>قت <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> لج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی که که<strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شد.‏ يک خ<strong>ر</strong>قه ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می،‏ <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل زشت د<strong>ر</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی قي<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong>يف،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>يز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

زي<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ی ز<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>.‏<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏<br />

٢- چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong> ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میدهد"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏"ت<strong>و</strong>سعه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه"،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ قطعه مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمهی <strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

١١٧<br />

"Zur Kritik"<br />

،١٩٠٣ صفحه ٣۵<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>و</strong> مزد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>يست؟<br />

-A<br />

Ist nicht in der Tat der Kapitalzins im Sinken, steigt nicht Vortwährend der<br />

Arbeitslohn<br />

(Menger)<br />

(Popper)<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی ف<strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تضمي<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عقيده میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ دکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> که ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ خط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دگی حتی کلیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ستمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>دگی يک د<strong>و</strong>لت ش<strong>ا</strong>هی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی میدهد.‏ ،Erkenntnis und Irrtum چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٩٠۶، ٢، صفحه ٨٠<br />

٨١ –<br />

-B

256 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

(٣٧<br />

میدهد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد.‏ <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی عمده م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>"‏ ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ژ<strong>ن</strong> کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی تعلق<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ژ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مح<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د متحد ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزشی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> کليه تجلیه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>معه <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ هستی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏("مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی"،‏ س<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ،‏<br />

گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف حق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>"تح<strong>ر</strong>يف"،‏ ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong>يگز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ‏("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏<br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی م<strong>ب</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ن</strong>کته م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دقيقی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کلمهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> ‏"شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کليه شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيدگی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

شکل میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل دهق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

که غلّه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی غلّه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله شکل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس.‏<br />

يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک <strong>ا</strong>صل عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم.‏ غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه مستقيم <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ديد:‏ شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تصحيح ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د"‏ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ مضحک <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

۵٠<br />

(Gattung)<br />

١٨٣، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس)‏<br />

–<br />

١٩٠۶، صفحه<br />

–<br />

(<br />

(xiiv<br />

۵١

فصل ششم 257<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم ‏(<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه!‏ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ‏"سيستم"‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!):‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> هستی.‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>و</strong>.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شدت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>د که يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ که کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ت<strong>و</strong>سط ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏ ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه م<strong>ا</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد هميشه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يک عمل شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> حتی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."(‏<br />

عم<strong>و</strong>می شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٩۶<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"تح<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ هيچ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ تصحيح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong><br />

تک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست"‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز هيچ<br />

ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که يک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف حتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست"‏ <strong>و</strong> يک ‏"دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که شم<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فهميديد،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>!‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل کليه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مثلت مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش کليه <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ ‏"يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی"‏ هستی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>عظه ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم گفت:‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مهمل محض <strong>و</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مطلقً<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهيم.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی میدهد،‏ <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی د<strong>ر</strong> سيستم <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشخيص میدهد که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ن</strong>يک ت<strong>و</strong>ليد مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>لکی تشخيص ميدهد که محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله ميک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>لک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>میده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هستی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> کليه ش<strong>ا</strong>خهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

(prius)<br />

Das menschliche<br />

(٢٩۵ –<br />

(Bewußtseinzusammenhang)<br />

،Glück und die soziale Frage صفحه ٢٩٣

258 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی حتی ت<strong>و</strong>سط هفت<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس هم <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>هده گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که م<strong>ن</strong>طق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />

تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عمدت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مزگیه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد)‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که شم<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>چه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يد يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع،‏ يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />

مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی شم<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی ‏(تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی يک<br />

شخص <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>جهی ت<strong>ا</strong> حد ممک<strong>ن</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که يک ز<strong>ا</strong>ئده<br />

مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی تهی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه تهی،‏ م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف که ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"تد<strong>ا</strong>خل"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خی.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د"؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>يده مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ عليه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز مختلف،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز صده<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>دلی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>خش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خفه<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست.‏ ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong><br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ده)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س حقيقی<br />

‏(م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ دقيق)‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک قطعه<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده يک مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>صلی،‏ يک <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت<br />

عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>يفتيد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />

ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د:‏<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>له ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چيست؟"،‏ ١٩٠١، ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٢ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه):‏ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>سيم:‏<br />

هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>

فصل ششم 259<br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده شد ‏("<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يشی د<strong>ر</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>ع حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست."،‏ صفحه<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong>عد خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>می مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج ش<strong>و</strong>د...‏ <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ<br />

میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت:‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ه<strong>ر</strong>گز محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."‏ ‏(صفحه ١۶)<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم...‏ که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ٣٢)<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئيلفسکی هم ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يفی<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که چيزی جز ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>"‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک<br />

فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چيست"‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم چيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>له ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ‏(م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش)"،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />

‏"ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong>لتم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

‏(صفحه ١)، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تحقيق"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم:‏ ‏"میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت زي<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

‏"ه<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>هش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> ‏’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت‘‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>م ‏’<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی‘."‏ ‏(ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف)‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>صف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میش<strong>و</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی<br />

عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ء</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

هيچ خدمتی،‏ <strong>و</strong> هيچ خدمتی د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تحقيق مشخص،‏<br />

ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>شد س<strong>ر</strong>يع <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يشی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی کل ج<strong>ا</strong>معه <strong>ا</strong>ست..."‏ <strong>ن</strong>يمه د<strong>و</strong>م ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده ت<strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله ‏"عمق"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست!‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ خصيصه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong>ف ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی میدهد."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٨)<br />

(١۴<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

۵<br />

-<br />

–

260 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مص<strong>ا</strong>لح مشخصی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يته<strong>ا</strong><br />

ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمق<br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> تحمل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مخ<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ر</strong>قيق میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"،‏ تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏<br />

چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مجم<strong>و</strong>عه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محض م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک تحقيق م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست!‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />

کس<strong>ب</strong> شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط تحقيق م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

کل ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>"،‏ ‏"حذف <strong>و</strong> دفع"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی،‏<br />

تع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

تهی.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع يک تحقيق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ هيچ چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"زيست – ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه زد؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ هيچ چيزی عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ مکت<strong>ب</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشغله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>کته مهم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د کليه ي<strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کليه ‏(م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تصحيح"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ج<strong>ا</strong><br />

دهد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />

<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ٢٧ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ‏("د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه صد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong>يش میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هدف که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مهم ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ يک کشف عظيم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ کل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحت يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عظيم<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د)،‏ ‏’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمعيت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه<br />

جمعيت م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تحليل ‏’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

مشخص <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏’<strong>و</strong>هم جمعيت‘‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سی؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جهل خ<strong>و</strong>د ست<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

علمی،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>ی."‏<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>"‏ ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک<br />

(٣۴<br />

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١١٨<br />

ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ١٨٧٠

فصل ششم 261<br />

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<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ جفت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ‏("ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"،‏<br />

‏"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"،‏ ‏"تد<strong>ا</strong>خل"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)،‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی،‏ حتی <strong>و</strong>قتی يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دت<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong><br />

لف<strong>ا</strong>ظیه<strong>ا</strong>ی زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تهی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شد.‏<br />

يک خص<strong>و</strong>صيت ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong>گت،‏ م<strong>و</strong>لسش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>ا</strong>م دسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong>شد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه خ<strong>ا</strong>م دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خته شد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی معط<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت تخصص میي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جذ<strong>ب</strong> يک شکل يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>و</strong><br />

تح<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ معط<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> علمی خيلی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه کمی <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏ُ<strong>ب</strong>عد ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جذ<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> جذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش خل<strong>ا</strong>ص<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ف<strong>ا</strong>سد شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

شده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی زي<strong>ن</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متشکل"،"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جمعی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کلمه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که يک فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

–

262 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی ‏"محص<strong>و</strong>ل"‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک.‏<br />

يک تح<strong>ر</strong>يف ه<strong>ر</strong> چه زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم،‏ يک ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ه<strong>ر</strong> چه زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ضد<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی تحت لف<strong>ا</strong>فه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست خصيصه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

سي<strong>ا</strong>سی،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل ت<strong>ا</strong>کتيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> کل.‏ هم د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

٣- ‏"م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی ‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی ‏’د<strong>ر</strong>‘‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ر</strong>فيق س.‏ س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<br />

که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت جمعی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک دسته گل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>طقه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته<br />

که دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی که <strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ که<br />

‏"کل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ مع<strong>ر</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ گلف<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م س.‏<br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ش ‏"م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"‏ ‏[<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>يع ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح"‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ کميت <strong>ب</strong>ه کيفيت ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏"جستج<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هم د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

<strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه جستج<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م فت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ عدم ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>")‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

تحت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط مق<strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ن</strong>ه يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست".‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>قيه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف،‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز هم جد<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

يک مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> کمک<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهيم.‏<br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ه<strong>ر</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

(Bermann)<br />

–<br />

(Suworow)<br />

[<br />

A<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی صف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يد<br />

- dann spürt man sofort den "Geist" der neuen Linie. S. 335

فصل ششم 263<br />

–<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تع<strong>ا</strong>دل متح<strong>ر</strong>ک که مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده مصلحت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته<br />

‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong>مه شمسی،‏ سيکل <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زمي<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت)،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيز<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ظم ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تم<strong>ا</strong>می تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست تک<strong>ا</strong>مل غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی،‏ زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ‏(صفحه<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف)‏<br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه سه<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جهی ‏"ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ چه حيف که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حتی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی هم <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>عت ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> تهی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ.‏ سعی ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يد تک<strong>ا</strong>مل غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ديد که هيچ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>جز ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ چه <strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"ع<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف<br />

ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی"‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چه چيزی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته تک<strong>ا</strong>مل غي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>يچيدگیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کج<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف حق د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>"‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> دهد ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ک<strong>ن</strong>د)؟ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه هم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>فِ‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يفی میگفت قلم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ جديد<br />

‏"فلسفه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong>سيد ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده<strong>ا</strong>يم!‏<br />

چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ هستيم؟<br />

<strong>ر</strong>شته د<strong>و</strong>م تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد تک<strong>ا</strong>مل زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ئیکه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ست ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی؟ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد!‏ ‏"فلسفه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"مع<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ يک<br />

،٢٩٣<br />

–<br />

-<br />

(٢٩٢<br />

١١٩<br />

–<br />

–<br />

A<br />

(٢٩٢<br />

-A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ا</strong>ست که س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف کشف ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ‏"مح<strong>ر</strong>ز شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"‏<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست"‏ حس<strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مح<strong>ر</strong>ز شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست"‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده.‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> همي<strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

مشکل د<strong>ر</strong>ست همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>"ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مُد تسليم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس کلمه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> جديد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏(مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی<br />

د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ")‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨٨٨ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"ح<strong>ر</strong>کت"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی جديد غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کلمه جديد چس<strong>ب</strong>يد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک ت<strong>و</strong>جه<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

١٨٨۵<br />

(٢٩٢

264 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

–<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong>.‏ چه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تهی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>صل ‏"<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ حفظ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته س<strong>و</strong>م<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)،‏ ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ث<strong>ا</strong>لثی تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د<br />

که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"گ<strong>ر</strong> چه علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه محکم <strong>و</strong> تعميمه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سطح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong>سيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل<br />

میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د..."‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گفت که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />

س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک علم ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علم متم<strong>ا</strong>يز ک<strong>ن</strong>يم ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت؟)‏ ‏[چه میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ا</strong>صل تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تم<strong>ا</strong>می تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ چه قد<strong>ر</strong> ثم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم خلق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!)...‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د..."‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ که ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

کلمه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"فلسفه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميم!‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ غ<strong>ب</strong>طه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک<br />

تع<strong>ر</strong>يف مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف کلمه ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تحليل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

مشخص ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ چيست.‏ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق دقيق <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:‏<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>و</strong>حدت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست ‏(خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده عزيز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؟)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه حلقه متصل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

عم<strong>و</strong>می هستی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست."‏ ‏(صفحه ٢٩۴)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

[<br />

A<br />

–<br />

–<br />

..."<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!‏<br />

- was tut's, wenn diese Unterscheidung keinen Sinn hat!

فصل ششم 265<br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می هستی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه دفع<strong>ا</strong>ت متعدد <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل مختلف ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متعدد فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی کشف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط س.‏<br />

س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف کشف شد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می هستی"‏ جديد ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>ئيم!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ميد<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف<br />

عظيم ش<strong>و</strong>د!‏<br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده فلسفه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

میدهد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ر</strong> ديد:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ژ<strong>ن</strong>تيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی!)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که تک<strong>ن</strong>يک ت<strong>و</strong>ليد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د؛ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فه<br />

ج<strong>و</strong>ئی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش میده<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه حي<strong>ا</strong>ت يک عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د حي<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>يخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت سد<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست کليه <strong>ر</strong>يخت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد قد<strong>ر</strong>ت جمعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يملک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

هدف م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تع<strong>ا</strong>دل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ختل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی،‏ دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>و</strong> ضد <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی،‏ <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مزخ<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم!‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شدت قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>فق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل"‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گزي<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سيم که يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

(٣١٣<br />

(٢٩٨<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(٣٢٨<br />

..."<br />

(٣٢٢

266 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

A<br />

۴- <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> ‏[مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی [<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مسئله می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />

چيست.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ييشي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لمس<br />

شده <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله فلسفی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک جديد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>و</strong> صف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>صلی د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> حل مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ديم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ فيزيکی،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />

‏(تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ<br />

تقسيم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف،‏ <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"،‏ ‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>"‏ مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی":‏ فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يک کلمه ع<strong>و</strong>ض شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!)‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> حل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>قف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د -، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"کشف"‏ يک خط ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طل <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کل<strong>ا</strong>می چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏<br />

فلسفی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه،‏ سد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د تعقي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

گفتيم ‏"<strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong>شت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> میشد که <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

محت<strong>و</strong>ی غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

حتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

-<br />

١٨۴٣<br />

–<br />

philosophische Wirrköpfe. S.339<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ س<strong>ر</strong>سخت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی.‏

فصل ششم 267<br />

٢٠<br />

١٢٠<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مجله<br />

عليه شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ دع<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د که<br />

کليه فلسفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ی کم م<strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

‏(شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>في<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی هستم؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د جسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده هستم؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم هستم."‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ‏"شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />

هي<strong>و</strong>می خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم م<strong>ا</strong>خی)‏ عليه ‏"دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط يکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> سيستم فلسفی ک<strong>و</strong>چک مفل<strong>و</strong>ک م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ج<strong>ا</strong>ده مستقيم<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست طی ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ سی س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>عد،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong>م جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ‏"س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه"‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طعيت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

هگل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسمه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز<br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم"‏ ک<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> لق<strong>ب</strong> مقلد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>ک د<strong>ا</strong>د که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د هگل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز هگل،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />

<strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ فش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگل <strong>ن</strong>میفهميد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> گفتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی متعدد<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه"‏ <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ‏(غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong>)‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد ي<strong>ا</strong>فت،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.‏ کليه گفتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حد متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی میچ<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"محد<strong>و</strong>ديت"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>قشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل يک ج<strong>ا</strong>ده فلسفی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح خط<strong>و</strong>ط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل هم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"گذشت<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم"‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

Deutsch – Französiche<br />

" کي<br />

،<br />

١٢٣ ١٢٢<br />

١٢١<br />

١٨۴٣<br />

١٨٧٠<br />

B<br />

A<br />

٢٧<br />

(Fechner)<br />

١٢٤<br />

١٨٩٢<br />

١٨٨٨<br />

(Karl Grün)<br />

١٨٧٨<br />

Jahrbücher<br />

A- Karl Marx, Ludwig Feuerbach in seinem Briefwechsel und Nachlass, sowie in<br />

seiner philosophischen Charakterentwicklung, Bd. 1, Leipzig 1874, S. 361<br />

١٨٧٠ ١٣<br />

(Beesly)<br />

-B<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>يسلی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏<br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يسلی يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه ه<strong>و</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٢ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده ، مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد.‏<br />

١٢٣<br />

١٢٢

268 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جدی <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تم<strong>ا</strong>م ج<strong>ن</strong>گ خ<strong>و</strong>د عليه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

کل<strong>ا</strong>می مطل<strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی که تسليم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک<br />

م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگ؛ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ا</strong>سد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيع<br />

گشت،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه تعقي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه د<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می عزم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

شست <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>)‏ چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong><br />

محض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج،‏ <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />

تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز هگلی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه ‏ُمد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چيز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شت حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه هگل ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>)،‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />

کمک ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که کل تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> علمی يک قدم <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک<br />

‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم"‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز جل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />

يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong><br />

میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قض عهد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد کمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی يک<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست،‏<br />

مث<strong>ب</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه تحقي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز شيفتگی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><br />

گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

<strong>و</strong> تسليم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

١٨٩۴، که<br />

–<br />

–<br />

١٨٨٨

فصل ششم 269<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع يک مذه<strong>ب</strong> جديد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی معلمه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت عجي<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه زي<strong>ا</strong>دی م<strong>ر</strong>تک<strong>ب</strong> شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong>گز ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د يک معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏ عَلَم ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هميشه د<strong>ر</strong> لحظه حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ م<strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هستم؛ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong> يک فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> گفت:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ حز<strong>ب</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ علم هم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>قه عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />

تقسيم میش<strong>و</strong>د:‏ يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>.‏ ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زشگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ هدف م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طعيت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

دع<strong>و</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ، <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />

تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک خمي<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست!‏ ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه يک خمي<strong>ر</strong><br />

مفل<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ يک حز<strong>ب</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تحقي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />

چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"چ<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی س<strong>ا</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه".‏<br />

ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ‏"کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه علمی"‏ فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی کفش ک<strong>ن</strong><br />

کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه جديت میک<strong>و</strong>شد ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کشيش خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۵١) ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ فهم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ که د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع کشيش میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تخم <strong>ر</strong>يزی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>پ</strong>ش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل"‏ خلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

–<br />

"<br />

–<br />

(Retraitebläser)<br />

(Lausgrube)<br />

(Generalklassen)<br />

C<br />

A<br />

B<br />

-A<br />

-B<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میگفت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>".‏<br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏<br />

دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که حز<strong>ب</strong> دشم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

چيست.‏<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ء</strong> فلسفه س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده د<strong>ر</strong><br />

،"Kleinere philosophische Schriften"<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

-C<br />

،١٩٠٣ صفحه ١٣۵

270 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

–<br />

(۵٣<br />

(geschraubte)<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستحم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست عقيده<br />

<strong>و</strong>سيله ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم"‏ <strong>پ</strong>يچيده<br />

ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه.‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>قطه متض<strong>ا</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> شيط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

هم قط<strong>ب</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کشيش <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ‏"يک سل<strong>ا</strong>ح جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>و</strong>ل عليه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عليه مذه<strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>"،‏ ‏"ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عليه تصفيه<br />

شدهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏"صد<strong>ا</strong>قت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"د<strong>و</strong> دلی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح دهد.‏<br />

‏(صفحه چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل سيستمی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>سي<strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>صی که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تيد ‏"فلسفه يک علم<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی..."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شگ<strong>ا</strong>ه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی غ<strong>ر</strong>ق شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک...‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> طی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>لف<strong>ا</strong>ظ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>شم<strong>ر</strong>ده مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم،‏ ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٠٣)<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>قطه متض<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

يک چيز <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>...‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ن</strong>خ ق<strong>ر</strong>مزی که <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يست که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ق"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز<br />

‏"مت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت س<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع کل ص<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قط<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم س<strong>ر</strong><br />

میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه کسی ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک ف<strong>ر</strong>قه فلسفی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د"؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>قش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ميش<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خدمت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که مکت<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی مثل <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> حمله<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میست<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

تحسي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong>لتحصيل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هدف <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مصي<strong>ب</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>زش<br />

ده<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی عملی که د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>و</strong> تکميل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شد<strong>ن</strong>د خيلی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ س<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

".(benebelter) ‏(صفحه (۵٨<br />

١٠٧) ‏"تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

(Kathederpfaffen)<br />

(١٠٨<br />

(Welch)<br />

(der Holzweg der Holzweg)<br />

non-partisanship<br />

(۶٠<br />

(۵۵

فصل ششم 271<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه می<strong>ر</strong>سد حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص شيمی،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>و</strong> فيزيک خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليل که <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی می<strong>ر</strong>سد حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong><br />

تخصصی خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ده<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

هم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت يک علم ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده ط<strong>ب</strong>قه س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تحصيل<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong>ظيفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

تسلط ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تعديل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل شم<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد <strong>ر</strong>فت مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خط خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کل صف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت دشم<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>و</strong>ٔلفي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"ش<strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل جستج<strong>و</strong>ئيم."‏ <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يستيد که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد جستج<strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه شم<strong>ا</strong>ئيد که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد جستج<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يد!‏ شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏<br />

يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی خ<strong>و</strong>د ‏(چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيد)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت مُد فلسفی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد،‏ مُد <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت شم<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>ق دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عد ط<strong>ب</strong>ق دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>عدت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مزه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏("<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک"،‏ ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"،‏ ‏"تد<strong>ا</strong>خل"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)‏ که<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ ‏[د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گم<strong>ا</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong> تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>صد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ شيفتگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت شيفتگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ‏"فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک"‏ <strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی حق ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شيفتگیه<strong>ا</strong><br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏<br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعً<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک تص<strong>ا</strong>دف <strong>ا</strong>ست که ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جمعی که عليه فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم هد<strong>ا</strong>يت شده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت که <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏["خد<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

[<br />

A<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک محد<strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

verbleiben in den Grenzen einer ganz engen, winzigen Schule,... S. 347

272 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

B<br />

A<br />

ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong> کل ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> حتی ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست"‏<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خ که ‏"عقيده<br />

مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع شخصی <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ صفحه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ر</strong>يح،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>عظم ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>لي<strong>و</strong>س که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ هم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میست<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> کليه ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ختم میش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مسئله خ<strong>و</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يگی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ کليه سل<strong>ا</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د عليه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی غلطيده<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت"‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ش<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت"‏ ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> يک ‏’مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست)‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تجلیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>و</strong> جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت،‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست هيچ چيزی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>و</strong> خص<strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی متمد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ع<strong>ا</strong>ديست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز عم<strong>و</strong>م <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong>د که حتی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی حمل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>و</strong> ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>"‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>يل م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی س<strong>و</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ هيچ کس <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه شي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گم<strong>ا</strong>تيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد.‏ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>ص مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د،‏<br />

Einführung in )<br />

(Schande)<br />

]، <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

،die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung جلد يک،‏ صفحه (٣۵١<br />

(۴٣۴<br />

١٢٦ ١٢٥<br />

-A<br />

-B<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

"Vergottung der höchsten menschlichen Potenzen",... S. 348<br />

125<br />

Zagranitschnaja Gazeta<br />

126<br />

،٣ صفحه (۵ Obrazovanija ، ،١٩٠٨ شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

همي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی<br />

مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>تی صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١۵٧ <strong>و</strong> ١٧٩، د<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

١٠، صفحه ١۶۴ <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"مدته<strong>ا</strong>ست که يک مذه<strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خته میش<strong>و</strong>د."‏

فصل ششم 273<br />

[<br />

A<br />

مح<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د ‏"تحصيل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده"‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک خ<strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏[<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده مستث<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>"‏ م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏ کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقيم <strong>و</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت ‏[د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ر</strong>ديم؛ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میشد<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ل ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقيقً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست ‏(<strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست)‏ م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><br />

مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم میج<strong>ن</strong>گيم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز زمي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک ج<strong>ن</strong>گ د<strong>ر</strong><br />

خط<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong>فيق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>"‏ م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />

<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> سيد<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>"‏ م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>م،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تخفيف دهد.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل صفحه ٣۵٠ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ش<strong>و</strong>د)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ن</strong>زديکی <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>و</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ د<strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت.‏ ‏"ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<br />

متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ‏"ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

يک ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ گست<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ مج<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> کل"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی،‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"کل<strong>ا</strong>م"‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ که د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ مع<strong>ر</strong>فی شده،‏ چه؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فتد،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> همه عميق د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ه<strong>و</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ضعيف شده.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی گي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏<br />

-<br />

(Sidor)<br />

–<br />

[<br />

B<br />

(Pjotr) <strong>پ</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ،(Karp)<br />

–<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

-A<br />

میگي<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> سز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

Das Schülchen dient, wem es zu dienen hat. Man bedient sich dieses Schülchen nach<br />

bedarf. S. 349<br />

-B<br />

, so würden wir mit dem Verfasser überhaupt nicht diskutieren; S.349<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف قطع <strong>ن</strong>ميک<strong>ن</strong>يم

274 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ص گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س هيچ کس،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> هيچ کس،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح هيچ کس،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده هيچ کس.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد که ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

۵- <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

–<br />

–<br />

ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم کل<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میج<strong>ن</strong>گد.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سمی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی میده<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته،‏ شکل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

فلسفی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت سک<strong>و</strong>ت<br />

م<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش،‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشی که مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>و</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد شده ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د:‏<br />

Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäß dem Prinzip des kleinsten<br />

Kraftmasses<br />

١٨٧۶<br />

A<br />

١٨٩١<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی حمله<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ر</strong>د ‏(<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت [ حمله ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

‏"صحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د"!)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ‏[<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ج<strong>ن</strong>گ ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>قطعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

‏(ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی ز<strong>و</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong>)‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>جد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"عده<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ ‏"تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> سهيم<br />

هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> صد<strong>ا</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ irrtum) ،Erkenntnis und چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه ۴)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ‏"عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏"’تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه‘‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تصفيه ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏<br />

مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ ‏"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"تصفيه"‏ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هيچ <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی يک فيل<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

B<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

١٨٧٢<br />

١٩٠٠<br />

(ganz und gar)<br />

(Einführung in die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung, Bd. 1, S. 343)<br />

(٩<br />

١٩٠۴<br />

-A <strong>ب</strong>خش ٧٩ <strong>و</strong> ١١٢<br />

-B<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی<br />

مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:‏<br />

des Erkenntnistheoretischen Idealismus

فصل ششم 275<br />

[<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ‏[تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه ١٧۶)<br />

<strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيستی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د:‏ "... عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه<br />

چيز گذشته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يتی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>يم."‏ ) gegen<br />

-<br />

– (bloss bildlich)<br />

١٩٠۵<br />

،die Schulweisheit صفحه (١۵٨<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی محض،‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته د<strong>ر</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شد.‏ حتی يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ علم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏<br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏(<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>)،‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حمله <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

فيزيک ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی مسلط علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏(ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ششم<br />

يک ح<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />

ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد،‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ ‏(ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />

ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد.‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

علمی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ک<strong>و</strong>چه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"خصيصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

علمی <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی مستقيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>سم میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ شکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی"‏<br />

خلق ک<strong>ن</strong>د که کمت<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏<br />

فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی علم مثل شي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی يه<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ی مسيحی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مسيح.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ط<strong>ر</strong>يق،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ل<strong>و</strong> میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ب</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی ديديم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد<br />

Der<br />

(Grundzug)<br />

(Realismus usw., 1879<br />

" ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی –<br />

(Grundlagen einer Erkenntnistheorie, 1884<br />

Philosophie und Kantianismus, 1882, )<br />

(S. 17<br />

–<br />

–<br />

مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی:‏ S. 258 Erkenntnistheorie<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی.‏

276 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

B<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

ط<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ‏"معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متمد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف خصيصه ج<strong>ب</strong>هه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی حقيقی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

قيمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏ که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

کشيده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>سلحه<strong>ا</strong>ی شد د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه محک<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ممک<strong>ن</strong> دست<br />

زد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ل<strong>و</strong>دج ،(Lodge) شت<strong>ا</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خد<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ههکل دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ههکل حمله<br />

ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> همه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".‏<br />

خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه ههکل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ هيچ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ديد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی،‏ خشک <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>کيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>خشيد<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کشيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>خ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته علم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه مج<strong>ر</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خشم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><br />

ز<strong>و</strong>زه سختج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی ‏(<strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong>لس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،‏ <strong>ر</strong>مک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓديکس ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>سمش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد)‏ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تشخيص <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه عليه<br />

‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ علم،‏ عليه ‏"دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"،‏ عليه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت علم"،‏ عليه ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست لع<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>جه د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کمدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د ههکل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه مذه<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

– چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

-<br />

–<br />

C<br />

- ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژدی<br />

–<br />

A- O. D. Chwolson, "Hegen, Haeckel, Kossuth und das zwölfte Gebet", 1906, Vgl. S.<br />

80<br />

Der Kampf und die Welträtsel<br />

B- جز<strong>و</strong>ه<br />

-C<br />

‏(ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ‏"معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠٠)<br />

ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>شميت<br />

يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong>گی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی عليه ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میدهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> قديمی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژيک س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> قصدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ههکل شد.‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ههکل<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"سگ"،‏ ‏"ملحد"،‏ ‏"سيم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ق مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

(١٩٠٨)

فصل ششم 277<br />

(Bulgakow)<br />

–<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د ‏(چيزی مثل ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>دی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لگ<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ف<br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی)‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چيست؟ چه ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست مسلکی"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>ا</strong>می فلسفی ههکل،‏ <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> هدفه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>طع،‏ <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

شخصی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح عم<strong>و</strong>می کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه قلع <strong>و</strong> قمع <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>سمی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جستگی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ ههکل شخصً<strong>ا</strong> سعی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قطع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>متزلزلی ش<strong>ر</strong>ح میدهد مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> دسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ تم<strong>ا</strong>م<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دستهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی يک ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

مت<strong>ر</strong>قیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست،‏ همه ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی يک ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"‏ محض <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ا</strong>می فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ‏"مقدس"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست ، ه<strong>ر</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

ههکل کشيده<strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک حس<strong>ا</strong>سيته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محکم<br />

غ<strong>ر</strong>س شده <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يستم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز عم<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> محکمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کليه<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>عی هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم،‏ <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>شگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

علمی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت)‏ که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ده د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>ديست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong>شد میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> فلسفی جديد <strong>و</strong> مخت<strong>ر</strong>عي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت جديد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />

قطعی <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک ‏"<strong>ا</strong>صلی"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

دست <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست سعی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه عده <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز دل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> که چه کسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> گفت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓه<strong>ا</strong>!"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>چي<strong>ن</strong>سکی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>يچ<strong>ن</strong>سکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی،‏ جل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حتی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قف <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د يک <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت گست<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

‏"خ<strong>ا</strong>ص"‏ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مثل ‏"ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>".‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم،‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏<br />

علي<strong>ر</strong>غم خصيصه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ علي<strong>ر</strong>غم شيفتگی دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی"‏ مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ي<strong>ا</strong> شيفتگی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی"‏ مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز،‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

سيستمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه جل<strong>و</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

– علمی<br />

١٢٧

278 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

A<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز گفتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل.‏ ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"شگفتیه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت"‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:‏<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست که عض<strong>و</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يحی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مغز <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> قسمت مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مع<strong>ر</strong>فت د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد،‏ يک ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی محد<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> غش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ مغز،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />

يک م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />

دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سل<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی<br />

تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong>ست مثل ه<strong>ر</strong> عض<strong>و</strong><br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ن</strong>يز عمل<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح"‏ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع عمل<br />

ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی سل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئی يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قسمت <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عض<strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />

میدهد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عض<strong>و</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>ر</strong>د مستقل <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

تشکيل ده<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

سل<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong><br />

جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>و</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه<br />

حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

(phronetal)<br />

(Phronema)<br />

(Seelenzellen)<br />

(Phronema)<br />

(Phronema)<br />

-<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ههکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />

ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ج<strong>ا</strong>معت<strong>ر</strong>،‏ کليه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص فلسفی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>جز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشخ<strong>ن</strong>د میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>د تشخيص دهد که ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش يک ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏<br />

خشم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسمِ‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><br />

عقيده ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س حقيقی"‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم عقيده <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی مت<strong>ر</strong>قیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>ديد!)‏<br />

‏"<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ههکل يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>همگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

-<br />

–<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه ،Les merveills de la vie <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏ شليج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م.‏ جد<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

i <strong>و</strong> xvi

فصل ششم 279<br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>...‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه د<strong>ر</strong> يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ظم د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."‏ (128 .S (Gegen die Schulweisheit,<br />

–<br />

چه چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ههکل کليه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت عظيم معلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل مغز عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏("ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>")‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی محض!؟ ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ا</strong>خل<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>دهد که<br />

صد هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ههکل يع<strong>ن</strong>ی همي<strong>ن</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س تف<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت دل<strong>ا</strong>ئلی که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يلی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه<br />

میدهد دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>تست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک<br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

‏"ج<strong>ن</strong>گ"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ههکل ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />

ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong>چک ديگ<strong>ر</strong>.‏ کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><br />

مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />

‏["تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم فهم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

شع<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم میدهد.‏ <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> تهيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ن</strong>يست"‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ده فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د".‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

‏"م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ‏(ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

تقديم شده که حد<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ميل<strong>ا</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>پ</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مُد <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده؛ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ست که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کل<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عملی<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏(صفحه ١۴٠)<br />

–<br />

–<br />

.(٧<br />

٣۶٠<br />

–<br />

۴۶٠<br />

(٢٢٨<br />

(١٩٠٧<br />

(Demokrits von Abdera)<br />

Das Weltbild der modernen Natur-<br />

A<br />

[ ‏(ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ (١٩٠۵<br />

wissenschaft<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏(تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong>تی:‏<br />

Das Weltbild der modernen Natur-wissenschaft S. 358

280 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

..."<br />

–<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د که همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

يک <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليزه شده دل خ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د کمی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که،‏ ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />

فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ شک د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ‏"م<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong><br />

‏"<strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست ت<strong>ا</strong> شخص <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک لحظه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ز شش<br />

که خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شخصيت <strong>و</strong> هستی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه کل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دخ<strong>و</strong>ل میدهيم.‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی جز ‏’ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی‘‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک دليل م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه که يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏’شم<strong>ا</strong>‘‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓه.‏ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل گذشت،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط<br />

<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣١<br />

س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت تلخ يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ش که مق<strong>و</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تقليل میدهد ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>قي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ن</strong>ده گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س میج<strong>ن</strong>گد چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز خصيصه ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تهيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

ج<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم خي<strong>ا</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>قتض<strong>ا</strong>ی مصلحت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س قديمی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ۵٧)<br />

<strong>و</strong> دليل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی"‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"‏<br />

ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ‏"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يستيم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم ‏(هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ که خط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سعی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ همه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده!‏ <strong>و</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ح<strong>ا</strong>صل ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> تقديم ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> که ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> هم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی"‏ ش<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> ‏(د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> م)،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گ ج<strong>ا</strong>هليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی که م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>عظم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ‏"ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ل عشق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<br />

١٩٠۵<br />

(Erscheinungen)<br />

Handlangerdienste) ،(blosse <strong>و</strong><br />

(٣٢ –<br />

–<br />

٢٠٠٠<br />

Erkenntnis und Irrtum<br />

‏(صفحه ١۴)

فصل ششم 281<br />

١٢٨<br />

A<br />

‏(سي<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی)ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست جز خدمت<br />

گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد يک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong>لکه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ههکل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

که ‏"معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩٩، مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د که ‏"ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ههکل هم د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی کمت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کمک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />

شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>شی که د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ عي<strong>ب</strong> ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه سي<strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ‏"مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"ههکل يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)‏<br />

‏"کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ملم<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد متق<strong>ا</strong>عد ش<strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – علمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ت<strong>و</strong>سعه ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد سل<strong>ا</strong>حی شکست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقص<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ضعيف غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی ‏(که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

همه چيز گذشته قسمت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د)‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ههکل د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />

عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏(<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم)‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زم<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

B<br />

–<br />

C<br />

– علمی<br />

١٢٨<br />

.<br />

-A<br />

B<br />

<strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> زد<strong>ن</strong> يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يکی.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>دج<strong>و</strong>ئی حقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> مفل<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> سز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يکه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده،‏ ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>يه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ف-‏ مه<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />

Welträtsel" "Die ‏(معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ Zeit" ،" Neue ١٩٠٠ – ،١٨٩٩ صفحه ۴١٨<br />

-C<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ۴١٩

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی 283<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

يکم <strong>و</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> همه،‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<strong>ا</strong>ی که سه <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>ده شد<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>و</strong>ل کل خط<br />

مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت،‏ خصيصه ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> جهل محض <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ م<strong>و</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ا</strong>ز متخصصي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> جديد د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تعيي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<br />

ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه د<strong>ر</strong> جهت مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ف هي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س که خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> کل ‏"تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصفيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تصفيه میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س دست د<strong>ر</strong><br />

دست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

سمت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

س<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم جديد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>خه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص علم م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

فيزيک قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قليتی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جديد،‏ تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong><br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت عظيم س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>،‏ تحت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه جهلش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم غلطيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک شيفتگی<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک مد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز گذشته <strong>ن</strong>زديک.‏<br />

چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.‏ فلسفه جديد هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که فلسفه د<strong>و</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت جديد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>ههگی <strong>ا</strong>حمق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>و</strong>می ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ يک شکل<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> تصفيه شده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> مسلح می<strong>ا</strong>يستد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

تسلط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع

284 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

خ<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد.‏ <strong>ن</strong>قش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه خدمت ص<strong>ا</strong>دق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه عليه<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی.‏

مکمل فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م 285<br />

129 <br />

–<br />

۴<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز کد<strong>ا</strong>م ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>.‏ گ.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> قسمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل فصل <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ديم که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> مختص<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت هگلی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>.‏ گ.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏<br />

کمی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>شت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>.‏ گ.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يح خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت.‏ <strong>ن</strong>.‏ گ.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک م<strong>ر</strong>يد ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />

‏(م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حک<strong>و</strong>مت تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست م)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د حتی <strong>ا</strong>سم ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه زي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خ<strong>و</strong>د"،‏ <strong>ن</strong>.‏ گ.‏<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د که مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٨٨ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ هم مم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عت ک<strong>ر</strong>د!‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د ديد.‏ ‏(چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد)‏ ‏(<strong>ن</strong>.‏ گ.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی،‏ ‏"مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"،‏ جلد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم،‏ قسمت د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفحه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد)‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ن</strong>.‏ گ.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ن</strong>صف صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٨٨ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم:‏<br />

‏"د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ا</strong>مل همه چيز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ <strong>و</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ م<strong>ر</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ی حقي<strong>ر</strong> متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏<br />

متفک<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی که سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جزئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط شلي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>و</strong>سط هگل <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که تل<strong>ا</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>و</strong>سيعی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ديف <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ هم سطح <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>يخ میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ‏"شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

٩٠<br />

١٨٨٨<br />

–<br />

٩٧

286<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع عي<strong>ن</strong>ی.)‏ "... <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی م<strong>ا</strong> هيچ تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل عملی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> متض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک حسی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عملی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د.)‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د،‏ کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د..."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی که همه چيز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ديع ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه"‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> کيفيته<strong>ا</strong>یش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.)‏ "... <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د شيئ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />

‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م)‏ کليه مص<strong>ا</strong>لح مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>لی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عملی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> م)‏ شکل<br />

می<strong>ب</strong>خشد،‏ که <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>هميت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د...."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>هميت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عملی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.)‏ "... ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م)‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت هيچ چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ر</strong>سد مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه مقدمه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ه کل <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک..."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی چيزی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علت <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>ل می<strong>ر</strong>سد،‏<br />

عليت ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی ي<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.)‏ "... <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong><br />

مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی علم سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>ملت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />

ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د..."‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که<br />

چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی کليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جهت<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.)‏ "... <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم علمی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ گفت."‏ ‏(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>جک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جديد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست سطح يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> کسی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که مهمل مفل<strong>و</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د...‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه عق<strong>ب</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگی ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د سطح م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(١٩۵ – ٩۶<br />

–<br />

–<br />

–<br />

..."<br />

١٨٨٨

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 287<br />

<br />

-١<br />

‏"ده س<strong>و</strong>ٔ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>.ف.‏ د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>فسکی ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>تی)‏ عض<strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ر</strong>کزيت <strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يک <strong>و</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز سه د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک سم<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>و</strong>م فلسفی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عقد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی مه<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong><br />

،١٩۵۴ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶۶<br />

– ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠٨<br />

- ٢<br />

.۶۵ –<br />

- ٣<br />

- ٤<br />

- ٥<br />

- ٦<br />

٧<br />

- ٨<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٨۶.<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۵۶<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>فسکی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

- <strong>ر</strong>حمت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>م،‏ يک م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ٢۵ ‏(س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيم گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی.‏ کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ جلد ١٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٧<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يک<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>لسکی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.‏<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٩٠٨ ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مدت يک م<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست<br />

<strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓمد ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong>صلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓد<strong>ر</strong>س مخفی د<strong>ر</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ل شد،‏ که<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>سط چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد.‏ غلط گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>قت يک <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ل شد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> يک<br />

س<strong>ر</strong>ی تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>سخه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ی ملحق شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه د<strong>ر</strong> يک ليست مهم<br />

غلطه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ف چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شد.‏<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تُ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ع<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>زيع کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ر</strong>د که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> چه ز<strong>و</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ه فقط <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>سی جدی"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه د<strong>ر</strong> مه<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شهه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>)‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط خ<strong>و</strong>د ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>فشي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

فيدئيسم ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>م<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مذه<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"فيدئيسم"‏ ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>هيزد.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>م ‏"فيدئيسم"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ، ی<strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong>.‏ ی<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ جلد ٣٧، می،‏ ٣١۶)، صفحه ٣<br />

١٩٠٩<br />

priest - lore)<br />

.<br />

.<br />

(popovshchina)<br />

،١٩٠٨<br />

ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٩٠٨<br />

۴١١ -<br />

١٩٠٨<br />

– ۵۵ <strong>و</strong> - ۵٨ ١۵٧<br />

٨<br />

–<br />

- ٩<br />

- ١٠<br />

- ١١<br />

- ١٢<br />

(clericalism<br />

.

288 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

–<br />

– س<strong>ا</strong>زی"‏<br />

–<br />

٧<br />

- ١٣<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد،‏ يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگی فلسفی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ضد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>شد ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

شکست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.<strong>و</strong>.‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ مدعی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"‏ مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی جديد شد<strong>ن</strong>د که هدف<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>کسيم گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه متحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ يک ک<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>ا</strong>ز هيئت تح<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مص<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يک هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی"‏ <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل<br />

مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>و</strong>.<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سکی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ضميمه د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حذف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>".‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس.‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣٣۵<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ‏"مقدمه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

١٨٨٣<br />

١٨٩٢<br />

–<br />

١٩٠۵<br />

(١٩٠٩)<br />

– – دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٩١٣<br />

- ١٤<br />

- ١٥<br />

- ١٦<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٠۶ ٨۶<br />

- ١٧ Zeit" "Die Neue ‏(عص<strong>ر</strong> جديد)‏ –<br />

١٨٩۵ .١٩٢٣<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ عص<strong>ر</strong> جديد <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong>فع<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ج می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />

س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل – ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> شد.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong><br />

١٩۵۴، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

(١٩١۴ – ١٨)<br />

- ١٨<br />

٣۴ <strong>و</strong> ۵۴<br />

I.e., Prolegomena - ١٩<br />

– (Revue Neu-Scolastique) - ٢٠<br />

، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص صفحه ٢٨<br />

ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ج<strong>ا</strong>معه فلسفی ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>لژيک،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨٩۴ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شد.‏<br />

‏"م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>يش،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديد.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تکيه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع ف<strong>ر</strong>صت طل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>عت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ضد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>خت.‏<br />

مجله م<strong>ا</strong>هي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ١٩١٨ ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فصلی<br />

زي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

‏(ت<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ‏(م<strong>ا</strong>خی)،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س)‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد.‏ – (The Struggle) "Der Kampf" - ٢١<br />

١٩٣٨ ١٩٠٧<br />

"The International Socialist Review" - ٢٢<br />

١٩٠٠ –<br />

(Viertel Jahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie) - ٢٣<br />

١٨٩۶ ١٩١۶ ١٨٧٧<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٢<br />

Viertel Jahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Sociologie<br />

٣٨٣<br />

– (Philosophie) - ٢٤<br />

١٩١٨ ١٩٠۵ ١٩٠٣ ١٨٨٣<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد که ‏"قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ محيط<br />

تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏<br />

مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ متعهد <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>يلهلم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.‏

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 289<br />

–<br />

- ٢٥<br />

يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يک<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ل.‏ <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>ف ع<strong>ا</strong>شق مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه کت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />

خيلی کم <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏ عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> مجم<strong>و</strong>عه کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> فلسفه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩۵١ جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ف که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تمسخ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد.‏<br />

– ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٧٨۶<br />

<strong>پ</strong>.<strong>ب</strong>.<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق،‏ سلط<strong>ن</strong>ت طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ضد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيت<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ‏(ک<strong>ا</strong>دت)‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذخي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏(س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ ی<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست که:‏ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د حتی يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خد<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست".‏<br />

جمله تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>چي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز خد<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ا</strong>خته می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد – خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که جمله<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>می م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>يل"‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong>.‏ ی<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ جلد ٣٧ صفحه ٣٢۴)<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣٣٧<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ س.‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>چه<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د کشيده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ‏"ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی"‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> مسجع،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ ١٩٣١، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٢۵-٢۴).<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد،‏ چه <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />

- ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>شي<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>يست<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه.‏<br />

که ش<strong>ا</strong>مل مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٩٣٧<br />

‏"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"‏ مجله هفتگی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨۶٩ ت<strong>و</strong>سط ع<strong>ا</strong>لمي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی<br />

٤٤- حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشی،‏ غ<strong>و</strong>ل،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز حي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> تهيه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> جمله ‏"<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی"‏ تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س.‏ جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣۴١<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣٣۵<br />

.<br />

، ١٩۵۴ صفحه ۵۵<br />

<strong>و</strong> ٣٢٨<br />

.<br />

–<br />

–<br />

١٨٩۶ –<br />

- ٢٦<br />

- ٢٧<br />

- ٢٨<br />

- ٢٩ ‏"ذه<strong>ن</strong>"‏ (Mind)<br />

– - ٣٠<br />

–<br />

- ٣١<br />

- ٣٢<br />

١٩<br />

- ٣٣<br />

) ی<strong>ا</strong> . س.‏<br />

١٩٣١<br />

–<br />

"<br />

- ٣٤<br />

- ٣٥<br />

- ٣٦<br />

- ٣٧<br />

-<br />

٣٨<br />

- ٣٩<br />

٤٠<br />

-٤١<br />

-٤٢<br />

- ٤٣<br />

-٤٥<br />

-٤٦

<strong>و</strong>(‏<br />

290 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

-٤٧<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زیگ<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>ن</strong>يمچه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيک معم<strong>و</strong>لی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ش ‏"مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ضی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس"‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ جلد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم صفحه ١٣۴)<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣٣۶<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس.‏ ‏"تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"،‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣۶۵<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ مقدمه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٩٢<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی حش<strong>ر</strong>ه کُش<br />

.<br />

،١٨٩٢<br />

٩۵١، جلد<br />

۵<br />

-٤٨<br />

-٤٩<br />

-٥٠<br />

-٥١<br />

-٥٢<br />

-٥٣<br />

-٥٤ مثل ٢۵ صفحه ٩٣<br />

-٥٥<br />

-٥٦<br />

– -٥٧<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>کس،‏ ل.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓی،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کسل<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>سم مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج.‏ <strong>ا</strong>.‏ <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف.‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تک خطی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ١٨٩۵، تحت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.‏<br />

-٥٨ مثل ۴٨ صفحه ٣٣۵<br />

-٥٩<br />

-٦٠<br />

-٦١<br />

-٦٢<br />

مثل ۵۶ صفحه <strong>ا</strong>‎٢٣‎<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> صفحه ١٢٨<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ دخ<strong>ا</strong>لته<strong>ا</strong>ی يک س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong> حيطه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />

<strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏<br />

دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵٣، صفحه ٢۶١ زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ٢<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ‏"تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ (١٨۴۵) <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

‏"مقدمه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی"‏<br />

‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ (١٨٨٨) ‏[<strong>و</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ جلد<br />

‎١٨٩٢‎‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ؛ جلد ٢٢، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ١٩۶٣،<br />

٢٨٧] ‏(ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏ (١٨٩٢) <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ‏"مقدمه<br />

صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم:‏ تخيلی <strong>و</strong> علمی"‏ ‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶٧<br />

١٨۶٨<br />

/<br />

،٣ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ،١٩۶٩ صفحه – ٧ ،۵ جلد ،٢١ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ،١٩۶٢ صفحه – ٣٠٧ ٢۵٩<br />

– ٣١١<br />

"١٩٨٢<br />

– ١۵۶ ، ٣٢۴ – ۶۴ ، ٣۶۵ –<br />

٨٨<br />

… sowie die "Einleitung zur englischen Ausgabe" (1892) der Arbeit "Die<br />

Entwicklung der Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft" von Engels in<br />

karl Marx / Friedrich Engels, Werke, Bd. 3, Berlin 1969, S. 5-6, Bd 21, Berlin<br />

م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت S.287-311) ۵٨ 1962, S.259-307; Bd.22, Berlin 1963,<br />

-٦٣<br />

-٦٤<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />

ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ‏"تزه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ"‏ <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"مقدمه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"‏<br />

‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م<br />

"<br />

"١٨٩٢<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٩٣ ،٣٣۶ ،٣۶۵

لمث<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 291<br />

-٦٥<br />

-٦٦<br />

-٦٧<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح سي<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهد.‏ جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>ل.‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵۴، جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ فصل <strong>ن</strong>هم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش A<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>"‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی.‏<br />

٦٨- <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠٠<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک،‏ يک مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

،٣٣ –<br />

٣۴<br />

-٦٩<br />

-٧٠<br />

-٧١<br />

-٧٢<br />

٣۶ <strong>و</strong> ۵۵<br />

-٧٣ ۴٨ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣۵٠ <strong>و</strong> ٣۵٣<br />

-٧٤<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

٧٥- خز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ب</strong>ت تصيحيح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>يلهلم <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ز ١٩٠٢ ت<strong>ا</strong> ١٩٢١<br />

-٧٦<br />

-٧٧<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>"‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />

عل<strong>ا</strong>مت تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل که ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی ‏"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختت<strong>ا</strong>ميه<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong><br />

،١٩۵۴ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۶۵<br />

-٧٨<br />

(۶۶<br />

-٧٩<br />

-٨٠<br />

-٨١<br />

-٨٢<br />

هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ صفحه ٧۶<br />

‏"علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی"‏ – <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩٢<br />

‏"<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی"‏ فلسفی – ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩٢، صفحه ١٣٣<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست."،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت که ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تغيي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ل<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست"،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> يک غلط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تصحيح د<strong>ر</strong> ليست غلط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩۵۴، صفحه ١۵٨<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی<br />

تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيسم <strong>ا</strong>ست که تکثي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>غل<strong>ب</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>حه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ش ‏"يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>"‏ (١٨٩٩) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>و</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>،‏ کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏<br />

<strong>و</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت ‏"د<strong>ر</strong>"‏ فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم<br />

<strong>و</strong>.‏ م.‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يشک<strong>و</strong>يچ،‏ سلط<strong>ن</strong>ت طل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> خيلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>ديه م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه<br />

the Black<br />

)<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> ١٨٩٩<br />

١٨٧٠<br />

..."<br />

–<br />

-٨٣<br />

-٨٤<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٧٧ (۵٩<br />

-٨٥<br />

-٨٦<br />

(Bundreds<br />

-٨٧<br />

يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ف<strong>ر</strong>صت طل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لژيک د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

گذشته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ب</strong>لغ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"د<strong>و</strong>زخي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ ج<strong>ا</strong>معه د<strong>ر</strong> کل تکيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی

292 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

ط<strong>ب</strong>قه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>که صلح ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ئت<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست هفته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک حز<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سه ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شد.‏<br />

١٨٨۵<br />

– -٨٨<br />

١٩٠٢<br />

-٨٩ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣۴٠<br />

-٩٠<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏"ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ (١٨٨٨) ‏"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی"‏<br />

(١٨٩٢) ‏"تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"‏ ‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />

-۴۶ ٣٢۴ <strong>و</strong> - ٨٨ (١۵۶<br />

– ١٩٠٠<br />

–<br />

-٩١ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣۴٢<br />

-٩٢ مثل ،۵٢ صفحه ٩٢<br />

-٩٣<br />

-٩٤<br />

ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>تس ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩۵، م<strong>ب</strong>لغ س<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>پ</strong>يسم،‏ يک<br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>م خيلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.‏<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک،‏ يک مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سيد.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ س<strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>شح<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه غلط <strong>ن</strong>خست <strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ر</strong> تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong>لي<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />

مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>متح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>شخ<strong>ا</strong>صی که م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شک د<strong>و</strong>لت تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زد<strong>ر</strong>يف،‏ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته گ<strong>و</strong>گل ‏"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح م<strong>ر</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"،‏ يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غگ<strong>و</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

‏"تک <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئی م<strong>ب</strong>لغ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

١٨٩٠<br />

١٩٠۴<br />

-٩٥<br />

-٩٦<br />

-٩٧<br />

-٩٨<br />

-٩٩<br />

–<br />

-١٠٠<br />

١٩٣۶ -<br />

–<br />

-١٠١<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong> ١٩٣١<br />

-١٠٢ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣٣٩<br />

-١٠٣<br />

-١٠٤<br />

-١٠٥<br />

-١٠٦<br />

‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>شي<strong>و</strong> فلسفی"‏ ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>-‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ا</strong>خی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>:‏ يکی مخص<strong>و</strong>ص ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فلسفه <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل عم<strong>و</strong>می فلسفی<br />

١٨٩۵<br />

–<br />

-<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ دخ<strong>ا</strong>لته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>ه حيطه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ جلد ٣٢، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ١٩۶۵، صفحه ۵٧٩<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>گ تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>:‏ ‏"ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />

د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong>زف ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓکي<strong>و</strong>يزيت)‏<br />

-١٠٧ مثل ،۴۶ صفحه ٣٣٨<br />

-١٠٨ مثل ،٧٢ صفحه ٨۶<br />

–<br />

-١٠٩<br />

-١١٠<br />

-١١١<br />

-١١٢<br />

-١١٣<br />

‏(س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی)‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس <strong>ا</strong>ز ١٨٩۴.<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>مده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز هيچ<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک،‏ يک مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />

‏(مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی)‏ ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی،‏ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسيس ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong>.‏ ی.‏ گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>د ‏"م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی"‏ <strong>پ</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ه،‏ س.‏<br />

١٩١٨<br />

١٨٨٩

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت 293<br />

-<br />

<strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه تحت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی ل.م.‏ ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت.‏<br />

‏(ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سيه)‏ يک مجله م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سط د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئل<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>يک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شد <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> ميخ<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>فسکی تصحيح میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديد.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

مجله مُ<strong>ب</strong>َلغ س<strong>ا</strong>زش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>لت تز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> قطع م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> عليه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی دشم<strong>ن</strong>ی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ِ.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لي<strong>و</strong> کلمه<strong>ا</strong>يست که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص،‏ جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تع<strong>ر</strong>يف،‏ ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ش<strong>و</strong>د که جزئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏ِ<strong>ا</strong><br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه)‏<br />

ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ِ‏ ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>و</strong> کلمه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

.١٩١٨<br />

:١۵<br />

(R)<br />

(E)<br />

<strong>و</strong> Erkenntnis<br />

١٧٨۶<br />

Experience)<br />

Erfahrung<br />

–<br />

(E. Value)<br />

١٨٩۴<br />

-١١٤<br />

١٨٩٠<br />

-١١٥<br />

Knoledge) ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت)‏<br />

– "Wer den Feind..." -١١٦<br />

-١١٧<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ز يک د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يتی گ<strong>و</strong>ته می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>س.‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>يف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م س<strong>ر</strong>زمي<strong>ن</strong> جديد <strong>ا</strong>خذ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ه شده <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ‏(<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی)‏ (١٨۵٩) م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏<br />

١٩۵١، جلد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣١<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ‏(م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏ <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />

ژ<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>س.‏ ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ ٣ <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٨۴٣، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ، کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ جلد ٢٧، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏<br />

٣٢٧ -<br />

١٨٧٠ ٢٧<br />

،١٩٣۵ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٩٠ (٢٨٠<br />

–<br />

١٣<br />

"Zur Kritik"<br />

-١١٨<br />

-١١٩<br />

-١٢٠<br />

صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٢١ ۴١٩<br />

–<br />

-١٢١<br />

-١٢٢<br />

‏(س<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی)‏ يک ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل تحت س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>لد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ١٨۴۴<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،‏ فقط يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٨۴۴ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> شد.‏<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ن</strong>،‏ دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٨٧٠، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سل<strong>ا</strong>ت،‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی،‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ مسک<strong>و</strong>،‏ ١٩۵٣، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٧<br />

١٨٨٨، <strong>و</strong><br />

٣٠۵ –<br />

-١٢٣ ميل ،۵٢ صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٩٩ ٩٧<br />

-١٢٤<br />

-١٢٥<br />

ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong>:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ ١٨٧٨، ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ١٨٩٢<br />

هفته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه مه<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی،‏ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> شده د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل<br />

شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت،‏ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی مه<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میشد...‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong>م،‏ سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش کم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"‏ د<strong>ر</strong> يک ميتي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی د<strong>ر</strong> ژ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س<br />

چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد.‏ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هفته <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه ‏"خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />

ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی،‏ ت<strong>ب</strong>ليغ میشد.‏<br />

١٩٠٨، چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

١٨<br />

١٣<br />

(Populärwissenschaft)<br />

١٩٠٨ ١٩٠٢<br />

١۶<br />

١٩٠٨<br />

"Obrasowanija" ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش)‏<br />

١٩٠٩ ١٨٩٢<br />

-١٢٦<br />

مجله م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ی،‏ علمی م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ا</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> کمک میک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

١٢٧- <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> چي<strong>ن</strong>سکی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>چي<strong>ن</strong>سکی،‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کمدی <strong>ن</strong>يکل<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "Revision" می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه

294 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />

:١٩٠٨<br />

-١٢٨<br />

-١٢٩<br />

<strong>ن</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی<br />

ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>.‏ ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی".‏<br />

دست <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس <strong>ا</strong>ز ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> فصل چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز کد<strong>ا</strong>م ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>.‏ ج.‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

ف<strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د؟"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ی.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ‏(س<strong>ب</strong>ک جديد)،‏ ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت:‏ ‏"م<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />

م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میف<strong>ر</strong>ستم.‏ <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،‏ <strong>و</strong>لی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<br />

<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل.‏ مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد،‏ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> مخص<strong>و</strong>ص چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يشفسکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خيلی مهم تلقی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يم.‏<br />

–<br />

١٩٠٩<br />

١٩٠٩<br />

٢۴<br />

٢٣

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