a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

-451-
8: 4
coins, burnooses, copper pots and kettles, brass basins, looking
glasses, swords, guns and pistols, powder, tools, horses. From the
Sudan/Fezzan to Tripoli were carried slaves, gold and ivory on a very
small scale, various types of cottons and garments, leather as hides
and manufactured articles, water skins, ostrich skins and feathers,
wooden bowls and mortars, honey, civet, pepper, kola nuts.
9. The most important recent discussions of the trade are Bovill 1968,
6-40; Law 1967,181-200; Daniels 1970a, 42-44.
10. Pliny NH, V, 37; XXXVII, 92-93, XXXVII, 104; 175, on the cornelian
which clearly originated in the Syrtic desert hinterland (Nasamonitis)
or in the Garamantian lands. Pliny (XXXIII, 111) also mentioned
Garamantian palms so it is possible that dates were exported on a
minor
scale.
11. This part of the myth originated with Duveyrier, see Monod 1974,51-66.
12. Daniels pers. comm. and note 9 above.
13. See Ayoub 1967a, 16-20, for a reference to finds of gold, semi-
precious stones (including cornelian), ivory, ostrich egg shell,
silver bracelet, fragments of bronze and brass, coins, sea shell
vessels, glass and fine pottery. Also 1968a, 41-53,77-81; Daniels
1971a, 261-85; 1973,39-40; 1977,5-7.
14. See above, 6: 2. Also see now Tagart 1983,143-54.
15. Daniels 1973,37.
16. Compare the far less fragile items involved in the later trade,
note
8 above.
17. Herodotus IV, 183; the presence of negro slaves is attested in the
Roman world, but their numbers are difficult to assess, Law 1967,195;
Desanges 1976,121-34.
18. Lyon 1821,66.
19. As note 13 above.
20. Monod 1974,51-66 and note 10 above.
21. Pliny, NH, V, 26; other references to elephants north of the Sahara
are V, 5; V, 18; VIII, 1; 4; 15; 18; 24-26; 31; XI, 32.
22. Desanges 1964,713-25.
23. A model elephant was erected by the main street in Lepcis (pers. obs. )
and the office of the Sabrathan merchants in Ostia's "Piazzale delle
Corporazioni" was fronted by a mosaic of an elephant, Romanelli 1960,
63-72.
24. IRT 231 (Oea), 295 (Lepcis). See further Aurigemma 1940a, 67-86;
Romanelli 1920,376-83.
25. Daniels 1969,48-51. Natron is an important raw material in glass
making.
26. See above 6: 1 and Daniels 1971a, 281-85.
27. Rebuffat 1979,232; 1982a, 502-06; 1982c, 196; Marichal 1979,451.
28. Rebuffat 1982a, 502-06.
29. Rebuffat 1979,232; cf. Cagnat 1914a, 142-46; Darwin 1964,7-23,
Fentress 1979,183-84, on the Zarai tariff. It is normally assumed
that all customs dues were collected by the procuratorial staff in
the provinces. This seems unlikely with regard to customs control
in the militarised zone. The significance of Zarai is that it passed
into civil control after the frontier had been moved forward and the
garrison
withdrawn.
30. Cf. Fentress 1979,182-86; Barker 1981,131-45; 1982,2-8; 1983,1-49.
31. Bovill 1968,6-12.
32. The size of wild beast shows, particularly in Rome, suggests that the
market may have been very lucrative. The scale seems to have
escalated: Caesar put 400 lions against gladiators in a single day;
Augustus had 3,500 animals slaughtered in 26 shows: Titus opened the
Colosseum with the lengthy slaughter of 9,000 animals, under Trajan
2,246 beasts were killed in a single day (Bovill 1968,6-7).