a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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8: 1
26. Dore 1983,54-57. Also pers. comm. of his computer-logged records.
Surface sherding of the principal olive farm in the wadi Lamout
produced the following totals of identifiable fine wares: Terra
sigillata: 39 sherds; early ARS: 18; late ARS: 4 and TRS: 4. The
floreat of the site was undoubtedly the late first and second
centuries A. D.
27. For instance, sherding of sites in the upper wadi Ghirza produced the
following figures. Of 47 sites with identifiable fine wares, 13 had
Terra sigillata, 34, early ARS, 14 late ARS and 12 TRS. The quantities
of the late wares were also much smaller. (From J. N. Dore's database).
One of these early sites (Gh 81) was built in opus Africanum.
28. Rebuffat 1977,398-99, stated that there was no pre-third century
evidence from the Kebir, but has retracted this in his latest paper
1982c, 192-93. Brogan 1965b, had already noted second century
material in the region.
29. Euzennat, pers. -corm. notes that the dating evidence for some sites
along the Tebaga corridor is late first to second century. In 7: 2
above I have disputed the normal military interpretation of these
sites.
30. Brogan 1962,368-73; 1964,47-52; 1965a, 47-56; 1971a, 121-30;
di Vita 1964a, 66-71; Levi della Vida 1963,65-94; 1965,59-62; see
also Chapter 9 below.
31. As note 30 and 9: 1 below.
32. Pavis d'Escurac 1974,96-98; di Vita 1964a, 66-71.
33. Brogan 1964
, 49-50; 1971a, 124; Levi della Vida 1964a, 57-63.
34. Brogan 1962,368-73; 1965a, 47-56; Trousset 1974,110-113 (CIL
8.22758). Compare Trousset's interpretation of these south Tunisian
tombs without reference to the evidence for agricultural development
in their vicinity (155-57).
35. Brogan 1964,52-53 for an inscription from the gasr close to the main
olive farm in the el-Amud. The inscription refers to the construction
of the opus super patris aedificium addidit. The main period of
occupation of the low-lying farm is first and second century, that of
the hilltop gasr is late second century onwards (on the basis of
sherd
samples).
36. Pers. obs. in the wadi Agerem (Ag 1). See also Barker and Jones 1981,, 38.
37. Jones and Barker 1980,23-30; Buck, Burns and Mattingly 1983,43-54.
38. For the hillforts see above pp. 113-21 and App. 2. As we shall see
the larger olive farms developed as a link between a traditional
embedded economy and a cash/market
economy.
39. The initial form of social organisation was certainly tribal, but
under Rome traditional forms of authority or prestige seem to have
received expression as open social or wealth differences. The
existence of a dependent peasant stratum in the late Roman period is
known from Arabic sources (Gateau 1947,35-37).
40. On slave labour in Tripolitania, see Gsell 1932,397-415; and, contra,
Pavis-d'Escurac 1974,92; Garnsey 1978,235-37; Apuleius, Apol,
XCIII, 4; CIL 8 22721.
41. IRT 859, near Jefren, cf. note 30 above.
42. Levi della Vida 1951,65-68, for an inscription from the territorium
of Lepcis, referring to a Libyan notable called Shasidwasg son of
Tarnrar of the people of Masinkaw.
43. Apuleius, Apol, LXXXVII, 7: earn rationibus vilicorum et upilonorum et
equisonum sollertissime supscripsisse; Pavis d'Escurac 1974,94-96.
44. Apuleius, Apol, XCIII, 4, refers to over 400 slaves owned by his
wife Pudentilla. The majority of these seem to have been used on
the land, see Pavis d'Escurac 1974,94.
45. Van Nostrand 1925,20-24, on the inscription from the fundus at
Hr Mettich in Tunisia (CIL 8.25902) which fixed the following
percentage rents to the contractor: