a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER '8' THE ' FRONTIER *E CONOMY
8: 1 The development of'agriculture
1. Haywood 1938,39-51; Leglay 1968,220; Soyer 1973,375-92; 1976,107-
80; Trousset 1977b, 175-207.
2. Cf Fentress 1979,175-87.
3. Lawless 1970,166-67, saw this as a key factor in the development of
agriculture in Mauretania Caesariensis.
4. Pliny XVIII, 35, on the acquisitions made by Nero; Picard 1956,163-73;
Van Nostrand 1925, passim; Lepeiley 1967,135-44; 1979,29-36.
5. On the agricultural laws, see Van Nostrand 1925,9-11; on African
centuriation, see Chevallier 1958,61-128, Dilke 1971,151-58; also
note
1 above.
6. On the role of the Flavians in Africa see Leglay 1968, passim; on
Flavian policy generally see Dilke 1971,40-41; on the lex Manciana
and the legal technicalities of land-holding, see Van Nostrand 1925,11;
Romanelli 1974,319-63.
7. Leglay 1968,220; Trousset 1977b, 175-207; Barbery and Delhoume 1982,
227-43, for instance, all deal with the growth of olive cultivation on
the steppe-lands between el Djem (Thysdrus) and Sbeitla (Sufetula) from
the late first century onwards.
8. Suetonius, Vesp, XVI, 1. See also Statius, Silvae, I, 4,83-86 on the
role of Vespasian's special legate, Rutilius Gallicus.
9. Cf. Tacitus, Agric. 21.
10. Some of the problems of establishing a Roman market economy in a frontier
zone are discussed by Jones and Walker 1983,189-93. Compare also
Shaw 1981a.
11. Baradez 1949a, passim; Fentress 1979,124-79.
12. Caesar, BAf, 97,3; the question of which "Leptis" was involved is dis-
cussed by Romanelli 1924a; Pflaum 1959 and di Vita-Evrard 1979. The
fact that Cato wintered at Lepcis suggests that Caesar had most cause
to punish that city. The often quoted derogatory remarks made by
Pliny, NH, XV, 8 and Juvenal, Satires, V, 5,88 are inconsistent with
the mass of archaeological evidence for the production and export of
African olive oil, see Camps-Fabrer 1953.
13. Gsell 1924,41-46.
14. Taylor 1960,91.
15. Di Vita-Evrard 1979,67-98.
16. See inter alia, Cowper 1897, passim; Myres 1899,280-93; Oates 1953,
81-117 (on the Fergian region near Tarhuna). The surveys of two further
olive farms in the Fergian region (figs. 46-47) were made by myself in
1981, with assistance from J. N. Dore and J. R. Burns.
17. See above pp. 7-8.
18. On the villas in Tripolitania, see Percival 1976,61-66; Aurigemma 1926a;
Guidi 1933; Oates 1953. For recent excavations of oil-producing villas
see Ward-Perkins et al 1965; Cotton 1979; Carandini and Tatton-Brown 1980.
19. Percival 1976,63-64; Pavis d'Escurac 1974,90-96.
20. Apuleius Apol, XLIV, 6; XCIII, 4; CVI, 5.
21. Tacitus, Hist, IV, 50.
22. Di Vita-Evrard 1979,90-97.
23. See above 7: 2, notes 27,32-36.
24. Brogan 1964,45-52; 1971a, 121-30; Brogan and Smith 1967,139-43;
di Vita 1964a, 66-79.
25. Barker and Jones 1981,22-42; 1982,8-21.