a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua
a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua
-424- 6: 3 20. See above note 17, Gasr Isawi_(Banat). The other sites are el-Faschia on the Zem-Zem and Gasr el Aswad on the wadi Scetaf. 21. On the fossata and clausurae see Baradez 1949a; 1967; Trousset 1974; 1978; 1980; 1981b. See also p. 190 above and below 7: 3. 22. Sallust, BJ, LXXVII, 1; Pliny, NH, V, 35-37. 23. Tacitus, Ann, III, 74; see above pp. 185-87. 24. There is, however, no reliable archaeological evidence to show the development of either site. 25. Tacitus, Hist., IV, 48-50, on the events of A. D. 69 when the Proconsul Piso was executed on Festus' orders. 26. This was normal Roman practice in the aftermath of wars and revolts involving provincial territory. 27. Trousset 1982a, 45-59, provides a good assessment of the strategic significance of the zone. 28. CIL 8.23166. 29. Euzennat and Trousset 1975,55; Trousset 1978,166-73; 1980,936-40. 30. Euzennat and Trousset 1975,45; Bechert 1971,241-45,261 and 285. 31. Baradez 1949b, 5-24; Euzennat and Trousset 1975,55 and note 55; Trousset 1977,559-76. 32. Barth 1857,99-103; see above 3: 3, p. 80. 33. Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949,29. 34. See Chapter 8: 1. 35. Pers. obs. ULVP and pers. comm. J. N. Dore. 36. Brogan 1980,51. The site is also mentioned by de Mathuisieulx, 1904,18. 37. Pers. obs. ULVP 1981. 38. Mattingly 1982,73-80, cf. Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949,21-24. 39. Mattingly 1982,79, for a short report on the pottery by J. N. Dore. 40. IRT 868,869; Goodchild 1976, plates 9-10. cf. Euzennat 1973,143 (App. 3, nos. 34,35,15). 41. CIL 8.11048; Trousset 1974,92-94 (App., 3, no. 5). 42. ILAf 26; Trousset 1974,75-78 (App. 3, no. 1) 43. This is similar to Coaanodan activity in Nunidia and Mauretania Caesariensis, see above 5: 4, note 35. 44. Euzennat and Trousset 1975,45-47; Euzennat 1973,143; ILAf 8-9 (App. 3, nos. 15,20-21).. 45. See below, section (c) and notes on these units. 46. Rebuffat 1973b, 121-34 (App. 3, nos. 51,52,54). 47. Di Vita 1965,107-11 (App. 3, no. 38). The Gheriat inscription is dateable to A. D. 198-201, but similarities between the sites suggest rough contemporaneity. 48. ILAf 26 - 28, Bezereos (App. 3, nos. 1-3); IRT 909, Ghadames (App. 3, no. 24). IRT 868,869, Ain Wif (App. 3, nos. 34-35); Reynolds and Brogan 1960,51-52, nos. 1 and 2, Ain el Auenia (App. 3, nos. 26-28); Brogan and Reynolds 1964,43-44, nos. 1 and 2, Gasr Zerzi (App. 3, nos. 48-49); IRT 887, Bir Tarsin (App. 3, no. 37). No military site has yet been located at Bir Tarsin, Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949,24 and note 28. 49. Rebuffat 1973b, 121-34, has reconstructed the sequence of events from a series of inscriptions found at Bu Njem (IRT 913-916,918-920, Bu Njem no. 74-94 - App. 3, nos. 50-54,57-58). The fort was started on the arrival of the vexillation on 24 January 201 and the baths were completed during 202 by which time a substantial part of the garrison was absent, presumably on campaign. The return of the main part of the vexillation is celebrated on two dedications from the temple of Jupiter Hammon, the god of desert tracks, one of which gives the date 26 December 205. 50. Trousset 1974,132 for plans of these two sites. 51. Hammond 1967,16-18; Di Vita 1964a, 287-90. There were Severan garrisons at the following road-stations on the limes road. Agarlabas (Hr Mgarine- probably) ; Bezereos (Bir Rhezene) ; Thebelani (Hr Medeina - probably) ;
-425- 6: 3 Tillibari (Ramada); Thenteos (nr Zintan - perhaps) ; Auru (Ain el Auenia) ; Thenadassa (Ain Wif) ; Mesphe (Medina Doga. - perhaps). See also App. 1, section II. - 52. See Appendix 1, section II, for the limes road. 53. IRT 895 (App. 3, no. 40). 54. Barth 1857,123-124. 55. Barth 1857,123: "It is a round Arab tower, only two large ancient stones having been made use of as jambs, while a large slab, covered with an inscription, is used as an impost, owing to which circumstance the inhabitants generally regard even the tower as a Christian or Roman building. The inscription fortified station... " ... was evidently taken from the 56. Goodchild 1954,54-55 and note 26 (1976 edition), gave the context as "built into the doorway of a small circular tower, of post-Roman date. " He did note the German parallels for the use of the term burgus (p. 54), but concluded rather contradictorily that it could apply to the construction of the fort itself. 57. Welsby 1983,57-64. The survey by Dr. Welsby and myself in 1981 showed that the structure marked "tower or gate" on Goodchild's plan was indeed the semi-circular front of a gate tower. The small masonry is the same as that of the lookout tower so it is not clear why Goodchild thought that the one close to the fort was probably Roman (p. 52) and the more distant one not. 58. Cheriat: IRT 896 (App. 3, no. 39); Bu Njem: Rebuffat 1973b, 123, inscriptions 72-28 and (unpub) 70-64 refer to the decurion of an ala in charge of a nunerus. See also Rebuffat and Marichal 1973,181-86; Marichal 1979,436. (App. 3, nos. 55,63-64,69-70,72,75-77); Thenteos: the foundation of Gasr Duib in A. D. 244-46 implies the continued existence of a major site at Thenteos (nr. Zintan) (App. 3, no. 31). 59. Bir Rhezene: The titles of the Leg III Aug were reengraved post-253 on ILAf 26 (App. 3, no. 1) and a limes Bizeritanus is known in the No ti ti a (Occ, XXXI, 5; XXXI, 20) ; Remada : No ti ti a Occ. XXV, 33; XXXI, 21; Euzennat and Trousset 1975,23-26, for structural evidence; Ksar Rhilane: the titles of the Third Legion were not reengraved post- A. D. 253 but the coin sequence at the site included fourteen of midthird century date (out of a total of 21 identifiable), Gorbeaud 1901,91-92. 60. Rebuffat 1983b, 912-14 for the text of A. D. 236-238 showing the n unerus in garrison alongside the legionary vexillation (App. 3, no. 60). See also note 58, above. 61. App. 3, no. 39, cf Loriot 1971,342-46. The unit's name would fit nicely in line 3, [milit. coh. I Syrorum Sa]g note 105, below. ..... See further 62. IRT 880 (App. 3, no. 31); Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949,24-29. 63. Marichal 1979,436-52; Rebuffat and Marichal 1973,181-86; Rebuffat 1982a, 492-99. 64. Publication of the ostraca is forthcoming in the Supplements to Libya Antiqua series. The inscription of the "praepositus limes" is due to appear with other epigraphic discoveries in forthcoming editions of Libya Antiqua (probably XIII-XIV). 65. Rebuffat 1982a, 508-09. CIL 8.22765 a ILT 3 (App. 3, no. 12) Ras el Ain. 66. Most of the recorded events are banal and routine, see note 63 above. 67. Goodchild 1971,157-61; ART 943 (A. D. 275), IRT 953 (A. D. 271) and IRT 956 (A. D. 262) indicate the continued importance of this route at a time of retrenchment elsewhere. 68. Gombeaud 1901,91-92; Trousset 1974,92-94.
- Page 9 and 10: -373- 2: 2/2: 3 45. Capot-Rey 1953,
- Page 11 and 12: -375- 2: 4 10. Penrose et al, 1970;
- Page 13 and 14: -377- 2: 5/2: 6 34. On the lotus, s
- Page 15 and 16: -379- 2: 7 the basis of the mileage
- Page 17 and 18: -381- 2: 7 64. Goodchild 1954 b and
- Page 19 and 20: -383- 7 3: 1/3: 2 17. An example of
- Page 21 and 22: -385- 3: 2/3: 3 46. Frezouls 1957,6
- Page 23 and 24: -387- 3: 3 tribes which cumulativel
- Page 25 and 26: -389- 3: 3 75. There were at least
- Page 27 and 28: -391- 4: 1 21. Johnson 1969,1-3. 22
- Page 29 and 30: -393- 4: 2 13. Sallust, BJ, XCII, 1
- Page 31 and 32: -395- 4: 2 65. For Saniat Gebril, s
- Page 33 and 34: -397- 4: 3j4; 4 20. Camps 1960,279-
- Page 35 and 36: -399- 4: 5 12. See above note 7. Ma
- Page 37 and 38: I -401- CHAPTER 5 FRONTIER THEORY A
- Page 39 and 40: -403- 5: 1 36. A few examples from
- Page 41 and 42: -405- 5: 1 66. On Byzantine frontie
- Page 43 and 44: -407- 5: 2 15. Desanges 1957,5-43.
- Page 45 and 46: -409- 5: 2 intervention and when Ca
- Page 47 and 48: -411- 5: 3 12. The evidence has bee
- Page 49 and 50: -413- 5: 3 50. See note 49, above.
- Page 51 and 52: -415- 5: 4 43. Rebuffat 1981,213-22
- Page 53 and 54: -417- FOOTNOTES CHAPTER 6 TRIPODITA
- Page 55 and 56: -419- 6: 1 53. Romanelli 1939,110-1
- Page 57 and 58: -421- 6: 2 9. The case has been con
- Page 59: -423- 6: 2 /6: 3 presented each one
- Page 63 and 64: -427- 6: 3 have been a nzanerus col
- Page 65 and 66: -429- 6: 4 9. Rebuffat 1977,402-14;
- Page 67 and 68: -431- 7: 1 26. See Jones et al 1983
- Page 69 and 70: -433- 7; 1/7; 2 81. Cagnat 1913,542
- Page 71 and 72: 7: 2 -435- 45. The survey of the si
- Page 73 and 74: -437- 7; 3 2. See Pringle 1981,96 a
- Page 75 and 76: -438- 7: 3 28. Trousset 1978,167-79
- Page 77 and 78: -440- 7: 4 V1CI 1. The study of vic
- Page 79 and 80: -442- 7; 4 53. But one should note
- Page 81 and 82: -444- 8: 1 26. Dore 1983,54-57. Als
- Page 83 and 84: -446- 8: 1 64. As is the case with
- Page 85 and 86: -448- 8: 2/8: 3 22. For further exa
- Page 87 and 88: -450- 8: 3/8: 4 27. Contrary to the
- Page 89 and 90: -452- 8: 4 33. See the classic acco
- Page 91 and 92: 9: 1 -454- promptior. Severus was a
- Page 93 and 94: -456- 9: 1 82. Nimran himself canno
- Page 95 and 96: -458- 9: 1/9: 2 124. Brown 1972,294
- Page 97 and 98: Ii! 1 -460- 9: 2 43. Ammianus Marce
- Page 99 and 100: 9: 3 -462- 15. Jones 1971,293. 16.
- Page 101 and 102: -464- ITINERARIES :I THE COASTAL RO
- Page 103 and 104: -466- Table of recorded distances o
- Page 105 and 106: -468- III TACAPAE TO THE DJERID OAS
- Page 107 and 108: -470- VI GEBEL EL-ASKER ROUTE - Cap
- Page 109 and 110: -472- APPENDIX 2: Tribal centres in
-425-<br />
6: 3<br />
Tillibari (Ramada); Thenteos (nr Zintan - perhaps) ; Auru (Ain el<br />
Auenia) ; Thenadassa (Ain Wif) ; Mesphe (Medina Doga. - perhaps). See<br />
also App. 1, section II.<br />
-<br />
52. See Appendix 1, section II, for the limes road.<br />
53. IRT 895 (App. 3, no. 40).<br />
54. Barth 1857,123-124.<br />
55. Barth 1857,123: "It is a round Arab tower, only two large ancient<br />
stones having been made use <strong>of</strong> as jambs, while a large slab, covered<br />
with an inscription, is used as an impost, owing to which circumstance<br />
the inhabitants generally regard even the tower as a Christian or<br />
<strong>Roman</strong> building. The inscription<br />
fortified station... "<br />
... was evidently taken from the<br />
56. Goodchild 1954,54-55 and note 26 (1976 edition), gave the context as<br />
"built into the doorway <strong>of</strong> a small circular tower, <strong>of</strong> post-<strong>Roman</strong><br />
date. " He did note the German parallels for the use <strong>of</strong> the term<br />
burgus (p. 54), but concluded rather contradictorily that it could<br />
apply to the construction <strong>of</strong> the fort itself.<br />
57. Welsby 1983,57-64. The survey by Dr. Welsby and myself in 1981<br />
showed that the structure marked "tower or gate" on Goodchild's plan<br />
was indeed the semi-circular front <strong>of</strong> a gate tower. The small masonry<br />
is the same as that <strong>of</strong> the lookout tower so it is not clear why<br />
Goodchild thought that the one close to the fort was probably <strong>Roman</strong><br />
(p. 52) and the more distant one not.<br />
58. Cheriat: IRT 896 (App. 3, no. 39); Bu Njem: Rebuffat 1973b, 123,<br />
inscriptions 72-28 and (unpub) 70-64 refer to the decurion <strong>of</strong> an ala<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> a nunerus. See also Rebuffat and Marichal 1973,181-86;<br />
Marichal 1979,436. (App. 3, nos. 55,63-64,69-70,72,75-77);<br />
Thenteos: the foundation <strong>of</strong> Gasr Duib in A. D. 244-46 implies the<br />
continued existence <strong>of</strong> a major site at Thenteos (nr. Zintan)<br />
(App. 3, no. 31).<br />
59. Bir Rhezene: The titles <strong>of</strong> the Leg III Aug were reengraved post-253<br />
on ILAf 26 (App. 3, no. 1) and a limes Bizeritanus is known in the<br />
No ti ti a (Occ, XXXI, 5; XXXI, 20) ; Remada : No ti ti a Occ. XXV, 33; XXXI,<br />
21; Euzennat and Trousset 1975,23-26, for structural evidence;<br />
Ksar Rhilane: the titles <strong>of</strong> the Third Legion were not reengraved post-<br />
A. D. 253 but the coin sequence at the site included fourteen <strong>of</strong> midthird<br />
century date (out <strong>of</strong> a total <strong>of</strong> 21 identifiable), Gorbeaud<br />
1901,91-92.<br />
60. Rebuffat 1983b, 912-14 for the text <strong>of</strong> A. D. 236-238 showing the<br />
n unerus in garrison alongside the legionary vexillation (App. 3, no. 60).<br />
See also note 58, above.<br />
61. App. 3, no. 39, cf Loriot 1971,342-46. The unit's name would fit<br />
nicely in line 3, [milit. coh. I Syrorum Sa]g<br />
note 105, below.<br />
.....<br />
See further<br />
62. IRT 880 (App. 3, no. 31); Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949,24-29.<br />
63. Marichal 1979,436-52; Rebuffat and Marichal 1973,181-86;<br />
Rebuffat 1982a, 492-99.<br />
64. Publication <strong>of</strong> the ostraca is forthcoming in the Supplements to Libya<br />
Antiqua series. The inscription <strong>of</strong> the "praepositus limes" is<br />
due to appear with other epigraphic discoveries in forthcoming<br />
editions <strong>of</strong> Libya Antiqua (probably XIII-XIV).<br />
65. Rebuffat 1982a, 508-09. CIL 8.22765 a ILT 3 (App. 3, no. 12)<br />
Ras el Ain.<br />
66. Most <strong>of</strong> the recorded events are banal and routine, see note 63 above.<br />
67. Goodchild 1971,157-61; ART 943 (A. D. 275), IRT 953 (A. D. 271) and<br />
IRT 956 (A. D. 262) indicate the continued importance <strong>of</strong> this route<br />
at a time <strong>of</strong> retrenchment elsewhere.<br />
68. Gombeaud 1901,91-92; Trousset 1974,92-94.