a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER 6 TRIPODITANIA 'AND 'THE ' ROMAN ' ARMY
6: 1 Warfare *and revolt
1. On the course of relations between Rome and the Garamantes, see Law
1967; Bovill 1968; Daniels 1971a.
2. Fentress 1979,65-68.
3. Desanges 1969,197-213.
4. For the older view see Haynes 1946,36; "the territories of the Emporia
were confined to the coastal area, while the whole unknown interior of
the country was in the hands of untamed and warlike peoples ready to
take up arms at the slightest pretence. "
5. Brogan 1964; 1971a; Barker and Jones 1981; 1982; Jones and Barker 1980;
Jones et al 1983.
6. Pers. obs. on the ULVP. Recently an argument has broken out between two
French scholars concerning the extent and significance of olive
cultivation in Tripolitania. Rebuffat 1975,504-05; 1977,407; Euzennat
1977b, 536-37; 1983, passim. Rebuffat tried to link the establishment
of olive cultivation with the creation of the Severan limes but this is
clearly incompatible with the new dating evidence (see his own remarks,
1982c, 192-93). But Euzennat is in turn guilty of underestimating the
scale of wadi cultivation. In addition to the 14 sites known to
Rebuffat in 1979 (pp 233-235), the current British work has recorded
over 50 sites with olive presses and the total number of presses is
now over 70. Local agricultural production was not simply at subsistence
level; as well as supplying the fort at Bu Njem (Marichal 1979,
448), it created considerable wealth in the region. See further
below 8: 1.
7. Useful summaries in di Vita 1964a, 65-98; Rebuffat 1979,225-29.
The older view represented by Merighi 1940 and others is now completely
outdated.
8. See for example Loriot 1971,342-46, for a reference to a war on an
inscription
from Gheriat.
9. On the style of warfare, see particularly Rebuffat 1982a, 490-92. The
Romans were presumably forced to storm both hillforts and oases centres
on occasion. A leisurely blockade is rarely possible in arid lands.
10. Cf. Dio (Epitome), LXVII, 3,5 on the Nasamonian war of c. A. D. 85-86.
11. On Balbus, see Thomasson 1960, II, 11; Strabo III, 5,3; Velleius
Paterculus II, 51,3; Pliny NH, v, 35-37.
12. Inscript. Ital. XIII (Fasti Triumphales), 569: L. Cornelius P. f.
Balbus procos ex Africa VI K April A. DCC XXIV.
13. For a range of views see, Lhote 1954; Desanges 1957; 1978,189-95;
Romanelli 1950; 1977; Daniels 1970a, 13-21.
14. Pliny NH, V, 35-36.
15. Pliny NH, V, 36-37. Romanelli 1977,429-38, continued to argue for most
locations being in Fezzan or Tripolitania and only a few being in Algeria.
16. See above p. 122.
17. Desanges 1957,5-43. Not all his suggestions can be accepted and his
idea of not two but several campaigns is rather overspeculative.
18. Daniels 1970a, 13-21.
19. In A. D. 666-667 Ocba invaded and conquered the Giofra, Fezzan and
Chadames with a force of only 400 cavalry, El Bekri (trans., de
Slane 1913,32-35).
20. Vergil, Aen, VI, 791-797.
21. Birley 1971,27, though he is correct to posit that treaty relations were
started from this date.
22. Lhote 1954,41-81, took Balbus through the Tassili n-ajjer mountains to
reach the river Niger, but his theory has received little scholarly
support.