a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

-415-
5: 4
43. Rebuffat 1981,213-22, has argued that the term brachium is the
correct one for the linear earthwork south of Sala, but his arguments
are far from conclusive (On this earthwork see Rouland-Mareschal 1924;
Baradez 1955; Smith 1956; Euzennat 1957; Rebuffat 1981). Trousset
1981b, discusses the linear earthworks of Numidia and Tripolitania
known in the secondary literature as fossata and clausurae after the
late Roman terminology which seems to have applied to them (Cod. Theod.,
VII, 15,1; Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, III, col. 1321,1327;
Procopius, de aed., III, 7,5; Cod -rust.
I, 27,2; I, 31,4; I, 46,4).
-"
On the Byzantine use of the term clusurae in relation to Africa, see
Pringle 1981,96,430. The archaeological evidence for fossata and
clausurae is reviewed in Chapter 7, below.
44. Trousset 1974,27; Whittaker 1978a, 346-47; Lass4re 1977, fig. 3.
45. Euzennat 1972,21-23; Trousset 1978,168-72; 1980a, 936-36; 1981b.
46. Baradez 1967,210, stated that he had found Hadrianic coins and
pottery in towers on the fossatum itself. This was corroborated by
Eric Birley (1956,29), who was shown the material on a visit to
Algeria. The frequent groupings of three collapsed towers together,
with many isolated examples are evidence for several phases of
reconstruction and a long life for the obstacle (pers. obs. ). There
is, therefore, no reason to question the early date for the Gemellae
sector of fossatum. Other sectors may have been started at the
same time, but it is likely that the process of construction continued
over a long period.
47. Guey 1939,190-242; Jones and Mattingly 1980,323-26; Cod. Theod.,
VII, 15,1; Pringle 1981,96.
48. See note 1, above.
49. Cagnat 1913,287-308; Picard 1944,89-91; Lassare 1980,955-75.
Military lists which record the origins of legionaries and thus
demonstrate the preponderance of Africans in the Third Augusta are,
CIL 8.18085,18067,18087,2568,18068,2565-2567,2569; ILAf 27.
50. Synesius, Letters, 69,107,122,125,130. This was not entirely
the fault of the units themselves. Synesius himself championed the
cause of a unit of Unnigardae (Letter 78) who, having already decreased
in size to a mere 40 men, were then threatened with loss of their
remounts, arms and pay, and demotion to border troop status. The
make-up of the unit clearly bore little relation to its size and
composition of, say, a century earlier.
51. Picard 1944,116-19. Some outposts were retained: occupation at Gahra
with its large vicus, Sadouri (Husum), Doucen certainly continued up
to the mid-third century if not beyond (pers. obs. pottery at Gahra,
quadriburgum at Doucen, there is an inscription of Philip from
Sadouri). See also Daniels 1982,120-21.
52. Courtois 1955,79-91. For the counterarguments see notably Salama 1966,
1291-1311.
53. Cagnat 1913,705-46; Baradez 1949a, 130-64; Van Berchem 1952,37-49;
Matthews 1976,167-72; Fentress 1979,117-20.
54. See, for instance, Fentress, 1979,121 (map 9) for the limes Gemellensis
(Gemellae), limes Badensis (Badias) and limes Thubuniensis (Thubunae)
55. Guey 1939,190-203, on the quadriburgi built near the Gemellae sector
of fossatum. See also, Leschi 1943,47-57 (Aqua Viva); Baradez 1949a,
9-10,88-89,95, for examples of air photographs of late forts.
56. Van Berchem 1952,37-42; 1977,541-43; see also note 50 above.
57. Cod Theod, VII, 15,1.
58. Matthews 1976,157-86.
59. Ammianus Marcellinus XXIX, 5,2.
60. From the dedication of a church at Rusguniae by Flavius Nuvel,
CIL 8.9255.