a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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14. Benabou 1976, for instance argued for strong cultural as well as
military resistance by indigenous Africans. The level of Romanisation
achieved or even aimed at is an highly controversial topic at present.
Benabou 1978; Garnsey 1978; Leveau 1978; Thebert 1978 and below,
Chapter 9.
15. I must acknowledge my debt to Mr. J. R. Burns of Newcastle University
and the Libyan Valleys Project, who as a "minimalist" has freely
discussed his ideas with me.
16. Luttwak 1976.
17. Luttwak 1976,7-50; 51-126; 127-190.
18. See especially Mann 1979, for a critical review article.
19. For various suggested approaches and applications see Birley 1974a;
Dyson 1974; Jones 1978; Mann 1974a; Warmington 1974.
20. Demougeot 1960, Euzennat and Trousset 1975; Euzennat 1977a and b;
Garnsey 1978; Lepelley in Gsell 1981,16-17; Trousset 1974; 1980;
Rebuffat 1982a.
21. Di Vita 1964; Brogan 1964; 1971a; Jones and Barker 1980; Barker and
Jones 1981; 1982; Jones et al 1983.
22. Goodchild's work in particular must not be under-estimated. It is
still the fundamental base for all study of eastern Tripolitania and
the questions he raised still need answers, even though there are more
data available to us today.
1: 3 The Historical Framework
1. As for instance Procopius and Corippus and the Arab sources like
Ibn Abd-el-Hakam. For detailed studies of the sub-Roman period see
Jerary 1976; Pringle 1981; Mattingly 1983.
2. The term Tripolitania is employed throughout this thesis only in
reference to specific Roman usage (limes, financial area or province).
Tripolitania, on the other hand, is used freely with reference to the
geographical region. Until the third century A. D. the region was
treated as part of Africa Proconsularis, with civil authority vested
in the Proconsul and military in the Legionary legate. This split in
authority was perpetuated when the separate province of Numidia was
created under Severus, though the recognition of a regio and a
limes Tripolitanus at about this time forecast further fragmentation.
Provincia Tripolitania, with its own praeses as governor, was constituted
by Diocletian at the end of the third century. See Romanelli 1933,
73-79; Chastagnol 1967,119-22; CIL 8.16542-16543; 11105; 22765;
Ant, It. 73,4; Rebuffat 1977,406.
3. The standard historical works are Merighi 1940; Romanelli 1959 and
Benabou 1976. Other recent studies which merit attention, with some
reservations, are Raven 1969; Rachet 1970; Decret and Fantar 1981;
MacKendrick 1980. There seems little reason to doubt that Lepcis
was pre-eminent among the Emporia, Gascou 1972; 1982; IRT p. 76-78.
4. Although often designated as Leptis in Latin sources and on inscrip-
tions outside Africa, the epigraphic record from the city itself
confirms that Lepcis was the correct African form. Magnus was added
to distinguish the town from Lepti Minus near Sousse, Romanelli 1924a,
253-62; IRT p. 73-76; Pflaum 1959,85-92.
5. This opinion is voiced by Duncan-Jones 1962,57 and Lepelley 1981a, 337.
6. Livy XXIX, 33,8-9.
7. Caesar, BAf, 97,3; see also Gsell 1924,41-46.
8. Livy XXXIV, 62,1-18; Appian, Af. wars, 69, Kotula 1974b, 47-61.
9. Sallust, BJ, LXXVII, 1.
10. Caesar, BAf, 97.3.
11. Lucan IX, 946-49; Plutarch, Cato Y., 56; Caesar BAf 97.