a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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5: 1/5: 2
78. The major sites on the Rhine (Nijmegen, Xanten, Neuss, Bonn and Mainz)
can be related to several main lines of penetration up river valleys
into Free Germany and to which sites such as Hofheim, Bad Nauheim,
RUdgen, Holsterhaussen, Haltern and Oberaden relate. For these, see
the excellent account in Wells 1972.
79. Luttwak 1976,68-69.
80. Baatz 1970; Gichon 1974,513-30; Breeze 1977,1-6; Luttwak 1976,66-67;
Rebuffat 1978,829-61 (on ancient signalling).
81. Luttwak 1976,73-80.
82. Daniels 1980,173-93.
83. lvotitia Dig. Occ. XL, 32-56 per lineam valli. cf. Axnmianus Marcellinus
XXVII, 8; XXVIII, 3; Mann 1979b, 144-51..
5: 2 Warfare and revolts: problems, patterns and perspective
1. Cagnat 1913,104 (12,000 Numidia, 15,000 Mauretania); Gascou 1972,38
(13,000 Numidia), Le Bohec 1978 (c. 12,500 Mzrnidia) ; Roxan 1973,843
(9,500 Mauretania Tin gitana); A. R. Birley (pers. comm. ) has calculated
that the mid-second century totals were Numidia c. 12,160; Mauretania
Caesariensis and Tingitana 18,290, with a single cohort known in
Cyrenaica the total is c. 31,000. The evidence for the garrison of
Cyrenaica is very slight, Goodchild 1953,195-209; Reynolds 1971b, 39-
42; 1981,49-53, but it is likely to have been higher than this in
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the later empire there was evidently quite a large garrison, Jones 1971,
292-93. It is possible that the total garrison strength was as high
as 40,000 if one accepts that there are still gaps in our knowledge
about the Numidian and Cyrenaican garrisons. B. D. Shaw (pers. comm. )
has also indicated his belief in a larger garrison than normally
assumed. In any case, however, the disproportionate size of the
army in comparison with other sectors still stands.
2. Frere 1978,348-49; Birley (pers. comm) estimates it at c. 51,680
(assuming a legionary strength of 5,500 men).
3. Birley pers. comm.
4. For instance, Dio and Suetonius ignored the apparently serious and long
drawn-out revolt of Tacfarinas.
5. See Benabou, 1976,121-29; 135-55,192-99,218-27.
6. Contra Rachet 1970,178-264.
7. Luttwak 1976,62-65.
8. Rachet 1970; Ben abou 1976, Leveau 1978a, 89-92.
9. Benabou 1976,120-21.
10. The most extreme example being Rachet.
11. Complaints of maltreatment were made by colon! to the emperor from an
imperial estate in Africa and action was evidently taken against the
procurator and estate manager they accused (CIL 8.10570,14464, Suk el-
Khamis). See also Van Nostrand 1925,48-57,82-83; CIL 8,14428
(Gasr Mezuar) and 8.14451.
12. The large-scale settlement of Europeans in French Algeria and the de facto
treatment of the indigenous population as second class citizens eventually
precipitated resistance. Attempts to conciliate the African
elite and intelligentsia were frequently blocked by the colonists them-
selves. Abun-Nasr 1975,235-392 gives a succinct account of modern
colonisation and decolonisation in the Maghreb.
13. Tacitus, Ann, II, 52; III, 20-21; 32; 83-74; IV, 23-26; Amm. Marcellinus
XXIX, 5,1-56.
14. Benabou 1976,25-251; Romanelli 1959, passim; Fentress 1979,61-71.