a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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4: 2
65. For Saniat Gebril, see Daniels 1971a, 264-65; 1971b, 6-7, a single
large building of mud-brick occupied an area approaching 800 sq. m
and the three phases of occupation dated from the first to third
centuries A. D. For Old Germa/Garama see, Ayoub 1962,12-20; 1967a,
12-26; Daniels 1971a, 264-65; 1973,36-37.
66. Daniels 1971a, 264-65.
67. See above, Chapter 4: 1, also Daniels 1970a, 36-44. The number of graves
in
the Wadi el -Agial
is now thought to be several times in excess of
60,000; Daniels 1975,249-51.
68. Trousset 1974,41-50, site no. 1, oasis of Bechri; 3, village of Negga;
4, oasis of Rabta; 5, oasis of Mannsoura; 6, oasis of Telmine, 7, oasis
of Kebili; 8, environs of Kebili; 9, Kedouat Johala; 10, oasis of
Bechili; 11, oasis of Djemna; 12, village of Galaa; 13, oasis of Douz;
14, oasis of Nouil; 15, spring of Ghedema; 16, oasis of Sabria; 17, wells
at Bir
el Hachana.
69. Personal observation, Easter 1982.
70. ILAf 655 and AE, 1910, no. 21 - CIL 8.83. Also recorded as Turris
Tamalleni in the Antonine Itinerary (74).
71. Trousset 1976,21-33; 1980b, 135-54. '
72. Rebuff at 1969,194-95; 1972,322-23; 1975,498-99; also concerning the
Roman period tombs at Ghadames, see Mercier 1953,17-47; Coro 1956,
3-26. See below 4: 3, note 8. A wealth of ethnographic material has
been recorded on the extraordinary caravan town of Ghadames, see inter
alia, Duveyrier 1864,249-54; Richardson 1848,92-384.
73. Rebuffat 1972,323-24 records second century pottery and native
fortifications at the Sinaouen, Tfelfel, Materes and Chawan oases to
the east and north-east of Ghadames.
74. Rebuffat 1970c, 181-87; 1970d, 1-20. The evidence is mainly historical
for Augila, the series of linked oases being described as a tribal
centre in several sources, Herodotus, IV, 190; Mela, I, 8,46; Procopius,
de aed, VI, 2,14-20. See also Bates 1914 8-10.
75. Rebuffat 1970c, 181-87; 1972,324-26; 1975,498.
76. Rebuffat 1972,324-26.
77. For Bu Njem (Gholaia) see, Rebuffat 1973b, 121-34; 1973c, 135-45. The
work of the ULVP at Gheriat el-Garbia revealed the existence of a small
promontory fort above the spring, on the west side of the wadi. The
construction of the rampart, using two rough faces of limestone slabs
set of edge is reminiscent of the native construction at Magrusa,
Jones et al 1983.
78. Euzennat and Trousset 1975,66, have suggested that Tillibari and Talalati
may correspond with Cillibaris and Alele, named by Pliny, V, 35.
Louis 1975,42-45, mentions surviving traces from the oases settlement
(which certainly outlived the Roman fort, Corippus II, 79-80).
79. Ward Perkins and Goodchild 1949,1976,29 (Mizda); The pivotal
position of the double oasis at Mizda between the zone of pre-desert
agriculture and Phazania is suggestive of an early importance for the
site. There are extensive traces of ancient ruins around the oases
(Barth 1857,99-104) and the original focus of settlement probably
lay beneath the western oasis. The important wells of Schegegeh mark
the southern end of the transhumance corridor controlled by the Hadd
Hajar clausura. The ancient wells and other traces of ancient settlement
have apparently been obliterated by recent development, (personal
observation).
80. Brogan 1965b, 57-64; Rebuffat 1975c, 499-500.
81. As has been the practice since antiquity in Nefzaoua, Fezzan and the
North Sahara. Briggs 1960,3-12.